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Þ Dr Dr , Dr 298 Dr 298

 

 


 

 

 

 


Dr (1) = Dr (2) + Dr (3)

 

:

4 + 22 = 2 + 22 (), Dr 298 = 802,34

2 :

1. 4 + 3/22 = + 22 () Dr 1 = 519,33 ,

2. + 1/22 = 2, Dr 2 = 283,01 ,

Dr = Dr 1 + Dr 2 = ( 519,33) + ( 283,01) =

= 802,34

 

 

 


D f , 298 101 0

(2-, Br2-, -, Sn, S.)

- D fo 298 ( )

 

H2()+2O2()+S()=H2SO4();

Dr 298 = Δ f 0298 (H2SO4) = -811,3 /

 

½H2() + ½N2() + 1½O2() = 1HNO3() + Δ f 0298 ( HNO3 )

Dr 298 = Δ f 0298 ( HNO3 ) = -174,3 /

 

Δ 0298 1 , .

 

:


 

Δ r 0 -

:

1. rH0T = ∆ rH 0298 + ∫ ∆ r0pdT ( = const)

298

rp = Δ a + Δ bTc T -2cT 2 -

.

, b, c, c - ().

Δr:

r

rp <0 ∆ rp >0

 

 

rp =0

 

 

 

2. ( =nst):

r 0 = ∆ r 0298 + ∆ r 0 ( - 298)

rp = ∑ν ii 0 - ∑ν jj 0

:

3. ∆ r 0 = 0:

rH0T = ∆ rH 0298

 

rH 0298 rH 01000

() + 2() = 2(),

.

r 0 = ∆ r 0298 + ∆ r 0 ( - 298)

:

: Δ f 0298,/ 0 298,/.

() 0 8,54

2 () -393,5 37,41

() -110,5 29,14

 

Δ r 0298 = 2Δ f 0298 - Δ f 0298 - Δ f 0298 2 =

= 2(-110,5) 0 (-393,5) = 172,5 .

Δ r 0298 >0 - .

:

r 0 = 2 0 298 0 298 0 2982=

= 2 . (29,14)8,5437,41 =12,33 /

r 01000 = 172,5 + 12,33.10-3.(1000 - 298) = 181,16

702 5%.

-

() + 2() = 2() 298.

.

Qp = QV + ∆ν RT, QV = DU, Qp = D H, ∆ν = 2 - 1=1

rU 0298 = ∆ rH 0298 ∆ν RT =

175,2 1.8,31 . 298 . 10-3 = 172,7 .

.

rH 0298 (1)

() + 2() = 2(),

:

(2) 2() + 2() = 2(), ∆ rH 0298 = -221

(3) 2() + 2() = 22(), ∆ rH 0298 = -566,1 .

. .

.1 = ½.2 ½.3

½(2()+ 2()) - ½(2() + 2()) =½×2() - ½×22()

rH 01 = ½ (∆ rH 02 - ∆ rH 03) = ½[-221 (-566,1)] = 172,5 .

 

 

- :

1)

2) ( .

▼ ;

(, , ) .

.

, .. .

 


 

 

( ).

 


 

W , .., . 1 6,021023 , lnW

,

S = k lnW

k

k = R/N =1,38×10-23 /

 

 

 


D S > 0

S 0298(O) = 161 /()

S 0298(O2) = 205 /()

S 0298(O3) = 238,8 /()

S

S

 

 

S

2 : , .. D S > 0


● D S () > 0 - ( , , ).

● D S () < 0 ( , )

S 0 (/×)-





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