. . . .
(1)
(1) : , , . (1)
(2)
dU () , δA , δQ . dU , δA δQ . (2).
(1) , , , . . ().
, : ΔU=0. , ,
. . , o , , ( ).
: , , . , :
, |
.
, , .
, = const,
, .
. .
1. (V = const). . . :
Q = Δ U. | (4.18) |
, , ,
. | (4.26) |
CV > 0 , Q Δ . Q > 0 ( ) , .. Δ > 0, Q < 0 , .. Δ < 0.
ν , (4.26) :
, | (4.27) |
m , μ .
2. ( = const). Q, , :
. | (4.28) |
CP > 0, Q > 0 ( ) Δ > 0 2 > T 1, . Q < 0 ( ) Δ < 0, 2 < T 1, . (4.28) ν :
|
|
. | (4.29) |
, , 1 2.
PV 1 = RT 1, PV 2 = RT 2, | (4.28) |
. | (4.30) |
(4.30) :
. | (4.31) |
3. . (Δ = 0), , , , , , Δ U = 0. , .
. 4.9 |
. V (. 4.9). , V 1 V 2 , :
. |
, ,
. |
:
. | (4.32) |
, Δ Vi , . (4.32) :
, | (4.33) |
V 1 V 2 , . (4.33) , ν , :
. | (4.34) |
(PV = const), (4.34) :
, | (4.35) |
1 2 .
4. . , . , , , . , Q = 0.
:
. | (4.36) |
, = Δ U
. | (4.37) |
(4.37) , ( , ), Δ U > 0. , . , ( , ) (Δ U < 0), .
. , .
|
|
, |
.