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FAQ

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(The PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE)

вͲ -

(THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE)

 

Present Perfect Continuous 䳺 to be Present Perfect 䳺 䳺:

35.

I have been writing for 2 hours. We have been writing for 2 hours.
You have been writing for 2 hours. You have been writing for 2 hours.
He has been writing for 2 hours. They have been writing for 2 hours.
She has been writing for 2 hours.  
It has been writing for 2 hours.  

䳺 :

Have you been working for 2 hours? 2 ?

 

䳺 not:

has not been working for 2 hours. ³ 2 .

- :

Haven't you been listening to me? ?

Present Perfect Continuous 䳿, , , :

His father has been working at this plant for twenty years. ( 20 ).
I've been waiting here for half an hour. ( , ).

Present Perfect Continuous 䳿:

What have you been reading? ?
I've been waiting for you. .

䳿 , for:

has been sleeping for an hour. ³ .

since , :

have been teaching English since 1976. 1976 .
What have you been doing since you left us? ?

Present Perfect Continuous since when , how long , , , :

How long have you been learning French? ?
Since when have you been working here? ?

 

 

8. IJ

(The participle)

IJ в

(THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE)

 

Present Participle -ing, 䳺 to:

to read reading

-, -ing :

to write writing

, , :

to sit sitting

to begin beginning

. ʳ - k - : look looking.

ʳ - r , :

to prefer preferring

ʳ - l , ( ):

to compel compelling

to travel travelling

䳺 to lie, to tie, to die - - ing - :

to lie lying

to tie tying

to die dying

. ʳ - -ing : to try trying.

Present Participle , 䳺 to be Present Participle 䳺 Past Participle:

to ask being asked

 

Present Participle 䳺, .

Present Participle 䳿, 䳺, 䳺- . 䳺- Present Participle , :

Reading English books I write out new words. , .
Reading English books I wrote out new words. , .
Reading English books I'll write out new words. , .

Present Participle , , 䳿, 䳺- :

The boys sitting at our table came from England. , , 볿.

Present Participle :

The bisector is a straight line dividing an angle into two equal parts. , .

Present Participle , 䳿, , 䳿 . Present Participle 䳺to enter, to open, to close, to arrive, to see, to hear :

Entering his room, he went quickly to the other door.  , .

 

ֲ

Present Participle Active :

1) :

The rising sun was hidden by the clouds. , , .

2) (, , 䳿):

Entering the room, she saw her sister there. , .

Present Participle Passive , :

Being written in pencil, the letter was difficult to read. , .
The plant being built in our town will produce motorcars. , , .

IJ

(THE PAST PARTICIPLE)

䳺. Past Participle 䳺 , Past Indefinite.

Past Participle 䳺 - (. 䳺).

 

Past Participle 䳺. ³ , , , ' 䳿:

a written letter the machines made in France ,

Past Participle , 䳿, :

We were looking at the destroyed bridge. .

Past Participle , 䳺, 䳺-, , - :

is a doctor loved and respected by everybody. ³ , .

ֲ

Past Participle . Past Participle . Past Participle (participle phrase) . Past Participle 䳿 :

is a well - known writer. ³ .
The children danced round the beautifully decorated fir-tree. ij .

Past Participle (, , , 䳿 ) when, if, as if, as though, though:

Frightened by the dog, the child began to cry. , .
When praised, he was ill at ease. , .

Past Participle :

When I came into the room, the window was broken. , .

 

 

IJ

(THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE)

 

Perfect Participle . Present Participle 䳺to have Past Participle 䳺: having asked.

Perfect Participle having been Past Participle 䳺: having been asked.

Perfect Participle , 䳿, 䳺-. Perfect Participle :

Having said this, they stopped speaking. , .

Perfect Participle Active , , , ' 䳿:

Having taken the book left the room. , .

Perfect Participle Passive , , , ' 䳿:

Having been invited to party, she could not stay at home. , .

 

 

Ҳ IJ

(the absolute participial construction)

 

䳺 ( 䳺), 䳺 . () , 䳺 . 䳺 .

䳺 :

) ; ; ; ; ; .:

The weather being fine, they went for a walk. , .

) , , , :

30 per cent of solar energy reaches the land surface each year,the share being higher in the South and less in the North. 30 㳿 , 㳿 .

ij , . ³ :
My brother having lost the key, we couldn't enter the room. , .
The key having been lost, we couldn't enter the room. , .

䳺 䳺 䳺to be, 䳺 :

The professor being ill, the lecture was put off. The professor ill, the lecture was put off. , .

. 䳺 there, one, it :

It being Sunday, the shop was closed. , .

9. ԲͲ

(THE INFINITIVE)

 

Ͳ ²Ҳ

䳺, ? ?:

to write , to answer .

' . 䳺 , .

Active Passive
Indefinite to write to come to be written
Continuous to be writing to be coming
Perfect to have written to have come to have been written
Perfect Continuous to have been writing to have been coming

to, . not .

 

ԲͲ

Indefinite :

) , , 䳺, 䳺- :

am sorry to hear it. .
was glad to see them. ³ .
It will be interesting to know about it. .

) 䳺, , , , Indefinite Infinitive , 䳿, 䳺-:

hope to see you on Tuesday. .
wants to make a report. ³ .

Continuous Indefinite , 䳺, 䳺-:

seemed to be listening. , .

Perfect Indefinite , 䳿, 䳺-:

was pleased to have done something. , .

Perfect Continuous Infinitive , 䳺, 䳺-:

am happy to have been working at the university for 20 years. , 20 .

, , , ' 䳿, :

don't want to do it. .

, , , ' 䳿, :

She didn't want to be found. , .

ֲ Ͳ

:

) :

follow him is dangerous. .

) ( ):

The point is to achieve the aim. .

) 䳺 :

We must stay at home. .

) :

asked me to wait. ³ .

) :

The work to be done was difficult. , , .

) :

have come here to meet her. , .

 

 

' ԲͲ

(THE OBJECTIVE INFINITIVE COMPLEX)

 

like Mary to sing this song ( , ) to sing , , , , , : , to sing , . , What do you like? Mary, a Mary to sing .

, (object), (complex object) ' (objective infinitive complex).

, ' :

like her to sing. , .

䳺, :

) : to see ; to hear ; to feel ; to watch, to observe ; to notice . ϳ 䳺 to:

saw Helen cry. ³ , .

) , , : to want ; to wish, to desire ; to like , ; to dislike , ; to hate ; to intend :

She wanted them to read this book. , .

) (), , : to consider, to believe ; to think ; to find ; to know ; to expect ; to suppose . ϳ 䳺 , to expect, 䳺 to be:

We consider him to be the best student of our institute. .

) , , , , : to order ; to ask, to request ; to allow, to permit ; to advise ; to cause, to force, to make ; to let , . ϳ 䳺 to make i to let to:

We made him work. .
allowed us to come in. ³ .

 

 

' ԲͲ

(THE SUBJECTIVE INFINITIVE COMPLEX)

 

We saw him run to the train ( , ); ' , was seen to run to the train (, ), to run , , he. , he to run . , was seen he, he... to run ( ).

' : , , , , . :

The boy was seen to run there. , .

' , ( was seen).

' 䳺: to say , ; to report , ; to think ; to know ; to consider, to believe ; to suppose ; to expect ; to see ; to hear ; to feel ; to notice ; to observe, to watch , ; to order ; to ask , ; to request ; to allow, to permit , to make, to cause :

Birds were heard to sing in the garden. , .

' 䳺: to seem ; to appear '; to happen, to chance ; to turn out ; to prove :
He seemed to be thinking about something. , .

ԲͲ

(THE PREPOSITIONAL INFINITIVE COMPLEX)

 

for. , ' . ( ) , ' ' 䳿, :

It's time for us to go. .

For me to see you is not easy. .

 

 

10. Ͳ IJ

(MODAL VERBS)

 

Ͳ ²Ҳ

 

䳺 (can, may, must, should, ought ), . ֳ 䳺 , 䳺, (Defective Verbs).

䳺 , 䳺:

can help you. .

must go there. ³ .

䳺 䳺 , :

Can you do it? Yes, I can. ? .
wanted to open the window but I couldn't. , .

䳺 䳿 , , , , , , , , 䳿, .

䳺 to be to have.

䳺 :

) , 䳺 , , ;

) 䳺 to. 䳺 to be to have 䳺 ought, to, 䳺 need, dare, to :

We are to meet at half past six. .
As the manager was out they had to wait. , .
You ought to help your friends. .
needn't tell you how important that is. .
daren't do it. .

) 䳺 -(e)s:

may come tomorrow. , .

䳺 䳺 to do.

䳺 :

May I come in? ?

䳺 not:

You should not do it. .

䳺 can Present Indefinite not:

cannot dance. ³ 쳺 .

䳺:

cannot can't must not mustn't
could not couldn't should not shouldn't
may not mayn't ought not oughtn't
might not mightn't  

 

 

IJ CAN

 

ij can : can could:

can swim. .
could read when he was five. ³ , ' .

ij can , :

can lift this weight. ³ .
Can you see anything? - ?
couldn't solve the problem. ' .

ϳ could , , , , :

could have guessed it. ³ ( ).

ij can . can to be able . to. to be able :

is able to help you. ³ .
She was not able to answer. .

 

 

ij may

 

ij may : may might.

might , :

asked the doctor if he might use his telephone. ³ , .

ij may , . may .

Indefinite Infinitive 䳺 may , :

She may come back. , .

may Continuous Infinitive , :

may be waiting for you. , .

䳺 Continuous, , , Indefinite Infinitive:

She may know about it. , .

They may be at school now. , .

Perfect Infinitive , :

may have put it on the table. , .

ij may, n, , . may :

You may go there by train. .

might Subjunctive II.

You might find him in between eleven and twelve. .

might , , , :

might have stayed at home. .

ij may :

You may go with who(m) you will. .
May I use your phone? ?

might :

Might I have a word with you? .

may not , . 䳺 must ( n):

May we use dictionaries? ?
No, you must not. Hi, .

to be allowed to be permitted, may 䳿 :

We were allowed to use dictionaries. .
Well be allowed to use dictionaries. .

, , might:

You might be more attentive. ().

Perfect Infinitive might , .

You might have written me a little something, anyhow. ( ).

ij must

ij must . ij must, :

must be at school now. .
She must come tomorrow. .

Must , 䳺- :

said that she must consult a doctor. ³ , .

ij must ', . must :

catch the train I must get up at six. , 6 .
Must we come to school tomorrow? ?

䳺 to have :

He had to wait a quarter of an hour. ³ .
Ill have to pay him something. .

must . must :

You must not talk aloud in the reading-hall. .

, , , 䳺 need need not (neednt) 䳺 to have:

Must we come to school tomorrow? No, you needn't. ? Hi, .
You don't have to learn the poem by heart. He ' '.

ij must . :

Tomorrow you must come to school at eight. .
You must not read this book. He .
It is not interesting. .

ij must , . must , .

must Continuous Infinitive , :

They must be surrounding the house. , , .

䳺 Continuous, must :

must be eighty years old. , , .

must Perfect Infinitive , :

She must have caught cold. , , .

ij must . evidently, probably to be sure, to be likely, to be unlikely .:

He is not likely to return soon. ³ .
Evidently she'll be late. , .

 

 

Ͳ IJ SHOULD, OUGHT

 

ij should, ought . ', , . Should to. ϳ ought to:

You should visit her. .
ought to go in for sport. .

 

 

11. ˲ ˲ Ͳ

²Ͳ

(word order. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES)

 

, , , , .

36.

ϳ
The teacher The student asked asked the student questions the teacher questions at the lesson. . at the lesson. .

 

 

12. Ͳ

(INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES)

 

, . .

. :

- Do you like this part of the country? - ?
- Yes, I do. - .

. who ; what , ; where , ; how many .

:

) , ;

) .

, : 䳺, , 䳺, :

Where do you live? ?
How did you meet her? ?
What did you do this afternoon? ?
How long have you known him? ?

, , , , 䳺 to do Present Indefinite Past Indefinite . , , , :

Who goes to the cinema? ?

, , :

Whose children are playing in the yard? ?

. , ' or. , . , :

Is he a doctor or an engineer? ³ ?
Where does he live: in Kiev or in Poltava? : ?

, 䳺 . :

Do you work there or does your brother? My brother does. ? ̳ .

. , , , , , 䳺. 䳺 Present Indefinite Past Indefinite ( 䳺 to be to have), 䳺 to do.

, , . , , , , , :

You've brought your luggage with you, haven't you? , ?
You haven't seen him yet, have you? , ?
But she loves you, doesn't she? , ?
didn't say that, did ? , ?
You want some money, don't you? , ?

 

 

13. Ѳ

Ͳ

(sequences of tenses)

 

1. . : , . .

2.

) 䳿, , 䳺- Past Indefinite ( Past Continuous) :

didn't know hecould speak French. , .

) 䳿, 䳿, , , Past Perfect ( ):

said (that) she had gone away. ³ , .

) 䳿 Future in the Past ( ):

knew you would be late. , .

 

 

14. ²

(asyndetic affirmative sentences)

, that, which, what, who, whom .

:

know he has returned. , () .

:

A letter written in pencil is difficult to read. , , .

 

15. Ͳ

(CONDITIONAL SENTENCES)

 

.

1. , . , :

䳺 Present Indefinite, Future Indefinite; 䳺 :

If the weatheris fine tomorrow, wewill go to the country. , .

2. . ij, , .

Past Indefinite, would Indefinite Infinitive 䳺 ( to).

ij to be were .

䳺 , 䳺 :

If he were here, he would help us. , .

3. , .

䳺 Past Perfect, 䳺 should, would Perfect Infinitive ( to).

䳺 :

If I had seen him yesterday, I should have asked him about it. , .

. if . 䳺 had, were, could, might, should

Were he here, he would help us. , .

 

 

IJ˲

 

Infinitive Past Indefinite (Simple) Past Participle
       
be bear beat become begin bring build buy catch choose come cost cut do draw eat fall ; , was, were bore beat became began brought built bought caught chose came cost cut did drew ate fell been born(e) beaten become begun brought built bought caught chosen come cost cut done drawn eaten fallen
       
feed feel fight find get give go grow have hear hold keep know lead learn leave lie lose make mean meet pay put read ring rise run say see , , fed felt fought found got gave went grew had heard held kept knew led learned, learnt left lay lost made meant met paid put read rang rose ran said saw fed felt fought found got given gone grown had heard held kept known led learned, learnt left laid lost made meant met paid put read rung risen run said seen
       
sell send show sit sleep smell speak spend spread stand take teach tell think understand undergo write sold sent showed sat slept smelled, smelt spoke spent spread stood took taught told thought understood underwent wrote sold sent shown, showed sat slept smelled, smelt spoken spent spread stood taken taught told thought understood undergone written
         

Ͳ


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