.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





, . , . - , , , . , , , , . , - , , . - . 30- 1938 1939 .

. () , , .

1. . ,

,
; ,
" "3.

2. .
( ),

,
. "
",
;
. ,

, .

3. .
,
, ,
,
, . , ,

, , ,
.

4. .


; ,


, , , .

5. . , , . , , . . , .

: ( ) , .

, , . , , , , . , " " , . , , , maximum maximorum: " , , - ". , " " (the "total conditions"), : "" (surpluses) . , . , , , - . , , .. .

, , : (1) (inputs and outputs) , ; (2) , , ; (3) . , , . " " . , , ( , ), : .


13.

" , , , ". , . , , , , . , [. . 2, 19]. , , , . , , ( ) .

, , , ; () , , , , . , . , , , . , , . : . , , . , . , , , , . , " ", . , . , , . , , . --. , - , " " .

14.

, , , : , . , -


. , , " ". , , : 4 [. . 10, 7]. : . , , , ; , , . , , . " " -: (externalities) , : , - . , " " ("marketfailure"), {public goods) "second-best*.

15.

. -, (nonappropriable " external economies), , (nonchargeable external diseconomies). -, " ", . , : , , . 1890 . (Ugo Mazzola), , . " " (1896), , . , ; , .

, , , . , . , , , , . , , , -


. , , , , (. ). , , ( ) , . , , , . , . , , , , , , , . , , : , -, .. , , , .

, , "" . ( ) , . : , : " , ". , . , ; , . , , , , , . , , , , , , . , , - , .

, , , . , -, (nonexcludability), - (nonrivalness). , , , , . , , . , , , . , () , , , , , , , . , , , "", . , , , " ", . -


, "" " " , .

16.

, 'second-best11, . "* , "" . , , , "" , . . "", . . , , , " ": , , , , , , . , . , . , , .. , , . , , . , , . . , .

: , , , . , . , " ": , . . , , . , , , , , , "" . , . " " - , , . , . ,


. .

" " , -, : , , , , , . , , , . . , . , , : , ; , , .

5 , , . . , , . , , , . , . , . , , . . " "6 ("tangency solution") , , [. . 10, 9]. , . , , , . ("bandwagon") "" ("snob" effect), - , .

, . , , . . , , , , . , , : " , , ". , , , , . , , , .

, ,


, .. , , (externalities) , (a private bargaining solution), ; , , , . , ; , , , , , . , , , , , , , ; , , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , .

, , , , " ", , "" . , , ; . , , , , , ; " " " ".

17. "second-best"

" ": , "second-best". , 1956 ., (Lipsey) (Lancaster) , , , , , . : (first-best solution), . - : , ; , , , . , , , "second-best".

. , , .


(lump-sum taxes) (capital levies) (. ), . , , - , - . , . , "second-best", , , , , , . , , .

18.

? - ? , , , - , , ? () .

, , , , " *, , (marginal operating costs), XIX ., , (Wilhelm Launhardt) (Arthur Hadley), (Jules Dupuit) (. . 8, 16). (Harold Hotelling) , 1938 ., , ", " ("lump-sum taxes*)> .. , (at the margin). , "" . , . , , .

1950 . (Ruggles) , , (Frisch), , , (Lewis), (Meade), . , , , , . , , . . , , . -


, (perfectprice discrimination) , , , , , () (pricing intramarginal units). , , (multipartpricing), , "11 (admission fee) (overhead costs) * , , , , , " , ", . , , ( ) ( ) . , .

, , "" . , (potential Pareto improvement) (PPI), . , , , (intramarginal consumers' and producers' surpluses). , , , , , , . , , , "" , , , , .

, , "" , : . "" , , . , , , . , , , , , . , , , , XIX . , ,


*. , . , . , , .

50- , , . , "Critique of Welfare Economics" (" 11) (1957) (Little) "Theoretical Welfare Economics" (" ") (Graaf) (1957) - (first-best conditions). , , , (Wiseman) , , . , , , , , "" . , , , , , , . , , , , .

. , , "second-best", , , . , 50- , , 1938 . , , , .

60- , , , , , , . , , , , , . , , , ,

* , . , " " (the "excess burden of indirect taxation"), 40- 50- , . , , " ".


. , , , . , , , , , .

, . (Marcel Boiteux) (Pierre Masse), Electricite de France . , . , , , , , , , . (Ralph Turvey) . "Optimal Pricing and Investment in Electricity Supply" (" ") (1968) "second-best", , , , , , , , -, .

. " ", .. , , , , , " " . , . , , . , .

, , , , ; , - . , , . , , , , , . , , , -, , , .






:


: 2015-10-01; !; : 457 |


:

:

- , .
==> ...

1945 - | 1741 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.062 .