, , , , . (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) , , , . , , , . , , , , (Billig & Tajfel, 1973; Brewer, 1979; Bum& Oskamp, 1989;
Crocker & Luhtanen, 1990; Turner, 1987). , , , , , (social identity theory) (Tajfel, 1981,1982; Turner, 1987). (Tajfel, 1981, p. 255) - , () . (Crocker & Luhtanen, 1990) (collective self-esteem).