.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


:




(Gerald E. Frug) : (City Making: Building Communities without Building Walls, 1999) (, , - .): , (empowering cities, city identity), (we-feeling, group, strangers, community building), (legal system, jurisdictional boundaries), (communal services: education, police, sanitation, recreation), , . (city, suburbs, neighborhoods, localities).

, , :

,

, ;

, ( , , , ..);

( , .).

 

(Robert Ezra Park) (Louis Wirth), ( ), . , , . , , . ( ) -, , , [371. . 126]. , , , [371. . 11].

( , , ). , .

, , . ... , . . , , , , ,

[371. . 13].

. XXI

. (Joseph Rykwert) , XXI (The Seduction of Place. The City in the XXI century, 2002).

, . , . .

, .

, , .

, , , , .

, , , , XIX . XXXXI . . .

. ( ) [373. C. 189; 211].

. . :

, , ;

(gated communities),

 

[373. . 180];

( -)

[373. . 227];

( ) [373. . 228];

, , ;

1980- (New Urbanists). -,

 

[373. . 241, 242].

, . , , , , [373. . 231, 232].

, , , -. (Baron Rogers of Riverside).

. c . . (19711977) [370. . 76]. - (19791984)

[370. . 96], (1984), - (1999) [370. . 143], -.

, [370. C. 5]. Cities For A Small Planet (1997) , , . . () , [370. . 4].

, , . 1900 . , ,

, . , [370. . 4].

, .

Sustain-ability [370. . 2763]. Sustainability . : , , , , . () , , , ,

, , .

.. . '

. [370. . 17, 18] .

, , [370. . 147].

1991 Lu Zia Sui. -. , ( ), , , . , . , , [370. . 4454]. , , , , , [370. C. 165].

Cities For A Small Country (2000) , , , , . , , :

;

.

, , .

, , , . , . [372. . 3], [372. . 91], [372. . 127] [372. . 219].

 





:


: 2015-10-01; !; : 1043 |


:

:

- , .
==> ...

1978 - | 1769 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.014 .