1. ed
-ed II III .
1. be + III Passive Voice.
2. have + III Perfect Tense.
3. Past Indefinite Tense.
4. III , .
-ed. , : II (Past Indefinite Tense) . III . -ed ( ), , () . , -ed II , . . .
invented a machine. .
, -ed III , . . :
The machine invented by him was of great value. , , .
1. -ed by, , , III ( by ).
2. -ed , III ( ), II ( ).
The results obtained differed depending on the substance used. .
3. III .
Presented in the paper are new data on this subject. .
Associated with this is another phenomenon. .
37. :
1. The method applied increased the accuracy of the results. 2. After a heated discussion the laboratory applied the method improved by Dr. N. 3. The scientist theoretically predicted complicated interaction between the components involved in the process. 4. At that time the problem presented increased danger of radioactive contamination and encountered opposition at most laboratories concerned. 5. The hypothesis concerned synthesized materials and did not apply to natural products. 6. Heat resistant materials developed in the last decade produced a revolution in a number of industries. 7. Automatized information processing radically modified the method devised. 8. The crystal produced revealed cracked faces.
38. , - ed:
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1. Mathematics, mechanics, statics and geometrical optics referred to as classical disciplines started mathematical traditions in the
history of natural science. 2. The heads of the laboratories were asked
questions formulated and agreed upon by a group of sociologists. 3. The
scientist's eloquence substituted for logical argumentation in defending an "extreme" viewpoint failed to win the audience over. 4. The
mixture allowed to stay overnight gradually decomposed. 5. The physicists showed that particles thought of as "elementary" were in fact
"non-elementary". 6. The subjects dealt with under this topic aroused a
heated discussion.
39. , , Ved :
Last month our laboratory developed a new technique required for thermodynamic studies of a two-phase system. The technique allowed us to obtain results predicted by theory. The results obtained disagreed with earlier data reported by Dr. D. At our laboratory seminar Prof. S. suggested a new model to account for the mechanism of the process involved in the system. The model suggested described adequately the thermodynamic peculiarities studied by Dr. D.
40. , - ed:
1. The usual procedure is that information storage is followed by information analysis. 2. The procedure proposed provided the required mechanism of reaction. 3. The opening session of the Congress was preceded by a meeting of the General Assembly to elect a new president. 4. It must be admitted that the problem of science classification can be approached from several viewpoints. 5. There are fields which cannot be dealt with on a national scale only, such as environmental protection, space exploration and so on. 6. The difficulties encountered by anyone who attempted to solve the problem are much greater than those faced the endeavour to reach the summit of Mount Everest. 7. In most important applications cotton has been substituted for by synthetic tires. 8. The rate of the reaction is affected by the change in such parameters as concentration, temperature and pressure. 9. Under these circumstances one is faced with a magnified form of a danger common to all inventions: a tendency to use them whether or not the occasion demand. 10. In most cases the solution of such problems is called for by Industrial needs. 11. It is often argued that in the 20th century we are left with no expansion of wisdom and with greater need for it. 12. These ideas are hardly recognized as mathematics at all by the people trained in the classical branches of the subject. 13. Some diseases may show only when an organism containing mutant genes is influenced by certain factors of the environment. 14. No attempts have been made to list all the contributions in which different procedures have been developed and later used. 15. Recent discoveries in all sciences have been greatly assisted by the developments in contemporary search techniques dealt with in the last section of this book. 16. The congress attended by scientists from all the institutions concerned attracted much attention and was referred to as a most representative forum in this field.
2. - ing - .
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-ing :
1. . (, -s, of ).
The savings of workers. .
2. . , , , .
3. . : + ( ) + .
I did not know of her having been ill. , .
There are unmistakable proofs of Pauling's having been wrong. , .
The possibility of ethylene being converted into aromatic hydrocarbons is slight. , , , : .
4. (Active) : having + III ( ). , (, ) (). .
I did not speak of having read this book. , () .
5. (Passive) : having been + III . , .
After having been discussed the report was published. .
6. Continuous Tense (Active). .
: to be + . , , , , .
I am working. . I was workin g at 5 'clock. 5 . I shall be waiting for you at 7 'clock. 7 .
7. Continuous Tense (Passive). . : to be + being + III .
The letter is being written. .
to be III . , to be Continuous (to be + being) Passive Continuous.
The experiments are being carried on. .
8. Participle I ( I) .
, , , . .
Going home I met my friend. , .
while, when, if. : while working ; when investigating .
9. Participle I ( I) .
. , - -.
The running boy was very tired. () .
The boy running at some distance looked tired. , () , .
10. .
: + - ing ( ). with.
With the isomerization preceding the reaction, the yields were very low. , .
With the experiments (having been) carried out, we started new investigations. , .
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41. , Ving - :
1. Establishing relationship between the phenomena of the Universe is a major task of theory. 2. Having reported of his discovery of rays of unknown nature Bequerel excited the curiosity of Marie Curie. 3. Realizing the necessity for a different approach the physicists reluctantly abandoned the project. 4. Confining his attention to one problem the scientist will surely achieve its solution much sooner. 5. Putting the discovery to use sometimes requires more effort than making it. 6. Pointing out their mistakes to some people is often quite difficult. 7. Every new idea is immediately taken up and developed further, forming the initial point of an avalanche-like process. 8. It has been shown that there is a distortion of the crystal lattice, accompanying the charge-ordered state. 9. What is worth doing is worth doing well. 10. At this stage innovation becomes a group and not an individual activity, involving both a sophisticated body of information and a sophisticated techno1ogy. 11. Soon Pierre Curie joined Marie Curie in her search for "mysterious" substance, giving up his own research. 12. It is no good stressing a paradox if you wish to excite curiosity of the audience unprepared for the lecture. 13. In 1913 Bohr proposed the solar theory of the atom, giving rise to still greater activity in both theoretical and experimental nuclear physics. 14. Some people have been so scared reading aboutharmful effects of smoking that they gave up reading. 15. Now mention should be made of the fact that geochemistry applies the concepts of chemistry to terrestrial circumstances, studying the distribution of elements in the course of geologic evolution. 16. The editor could not help detecting many errors both of fact and of thinking. 17. Are these prognoses really worth making? 18. To find out more about the space scientists sent little moons, or satellites, circling in orbits above the Earth.
42. , :
to aid in freeing; to aim at understanding; to be concerned with measuring and analysing; to be interested in constructing; to be responsible for modernizing; to insist on making use of; to prevent scientists from making; to result from combining; to result in establishing; to succeed in working out.
1. His research ( ) a new principle. 2. The success of the space research program ( ) the latest achievements in science and technology. 3. Using modern installations and techniques the scientists ( ) complicated engineering problem. 4. Pure science ( ) the laws of the material world. 5. Traditionally chemists ( ) the properties of matter and () the reactions by which some chemical substances are transformed into others. 6. A quantum chemist ( ) adequate mathematical models of atomic and molecular structures. 7. Prof. E. was the first to see the advantages of the new approach and ( ) it to interpret the results. 8. Adequate theories often ( ) many useless experiments. 9. This group of engineers ( ) the laboratory equipment. 10. The advent of electronic computers (o ) man's brain from the labour of measurement and computation.
43. , Ving - :
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1. It is correct to say that basic research is directed toward understanding the foundations of nature without taking into account their practical applicability. 2. Finding an adequate solution to this most urgent technological problem will surely require much time and still more effort. 3. Today we cannot help witnessing a tendency in science to direct the collective efforts of a research team at the achievement of a common goal. 4. Let's proceed by dividing research into three stages and examining each stage to find what functions of the research process may be automated without endangering creativity. 5. Such a configuration, in addition to being amenable to analytical treatment, has significant practical importance. 6. Being interested in the subject which you are studying is the best motivation for learning it. 7. Fundamental research is that which you undertake without caring whether the results will be of practical value or not. 8. The scientist and public must equally share the responsibility for finding a desirable solution to many modern technological and social problems. 9. In determining the mechanism of genetic information transmission biochemists have observed that "the language of life" is really a simple and elegant code. 10. Taking into account individual components resulted in a radical change of the entire system. 11. One of the ways to solve the problem of feeding the ever-growing world population is by turning fishing from a hunting to a farming operation. 12. Several review committees were formed, including a special environmental group. 13. Increasing the amount of available technical information scientists also contribute to transformation of some well-rooted beliefs.
44. , Ving - :
I. Some scientists do not distinguish between pure and applied mathematics, the distinction being, in fact, of recent origin. 2. At one time a giant lake extended from Vienna to the Aral Sea, its last descendants being the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea of today. 3. They took all the measurements during the actual operation of the machine, this being the usual practice in those days. 4. With everyone being a layman in most fields but his own, it is very important to exchange information on major developments. 5. The universe is now essentially composed of about 90 percent hydrogen and 9 percent helium, with the remaining 1 percent accounting for the more complex atoms. 6. The project abandoned, the leadership in this field passed to another institute. 7. Originally a mathematician, he became engaged first in theoretical physics and then in space research, all these fields being closely interconnected. 8. The possibility of there being life on Mars is very doubtful. 9. The most interesting of these phenomena is the reduction of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur, each concentrated at a different interface, two being out of immediate contact with air. 10. This is the principle of inertia if something is moving, with nothing touching it and completely undisturbed, it will go on forever at a uniform speed in a straight line. 11. An understanding of these particles, in spite of their being connected with the basic forces of the universe, presents a tremendous challenge to the human intellect. 12. The test consists of repeated measurements of intensity with various sizes of apertures being used. 13. The difference between the two values probably accounts for the measured sensitivity being higher than that predicted by theory. 14. One of the objectives of carrying on research at the university is to provide intellectual exercise for the lecturer. This is achieved by the lecturer doing research between lectures and other duties. This presupposes the necessary equipment being available at the university. 15. Man's principal function in space being maintenance and repair work is beyond any doubt. 16. The 35-year gap in the appreciation of Mendel's discovery is often attributed to Mendel's having been a modest monk living in an out-of-the-way Moravian monastery. 17. A few more functional elements, germanium perhaps being a good candidate, may be discovered in the future.
