Computer graphics are pictures created, changed or processed by computers. There are two categories.
1. Bitmapped graphics represent images as bitmaps; they are stored as pixels and can become a bit distorted when they are manipulated. The density of dots, known as the resolution and expressed in dots per inch, determines how sharp the image is.
2. Vector graphics represent images as mathematical formulae, so they can be changed or scaled without losing quality. They are ideal for high-resolution output.
There are different types of graphics software.
Image manipulation programs let you edit your favourite images. For example, you can scan a picture into your PC or transfer a photo from your camera and then add different effects, or filters.
Painting and drawing programs, also called illustration packages, offer facilities for freehand drawing, with a wide choice of pens and brushes, colours and patterns. One example is Windows Paint.
Business graphics programs, also called presentation software, let you create pie charts, bar charts and line graphs of all kinds for slide shows and reports. You can import data from a database or spreadsheet to generate the graphs. (Spreadsheets, or worksheets, are mathematical tables which show figures in rows and columns. A spreadsheet program helps you manage personal and business finances.)
Computer-aided design (CAD) is used by engineers and architects to design everything from cars and planes to buildings and furniture. First they make a wireframe, a drawing with edges and contour lines. Then if they want to colour the objects and add texture, they create a surface for the object; this is called filling the surface. Finally, the design is rendered to make the object look realistic. Rendering is a process that adds realism to graphics by using shading, light sources and reflections.
Desktop publishing (DTP) is based around a page layout program, which lets you import text from a word processor, clip-art (ready-made pictures) from graphics packages, and images from scanners or cameras, and arrange them all on a page. It is used to design and publish books, newspapers, posters, advertisements, etc.
Digital art, or computer art, is done with applets that use mathematical formulae to create beautiful bright shapes called fractals. A fractal is a geometric figure with special properties, e.g. the Koch snowflake or the Mandelbrot set. Fractals can also be used to model real objects like clouds, coastlines or landscapes.
Computer animation uses graphics program (e.g. digital cartooning systems) to create or edit moving pictures. Each image in a sequence of images is called a frame.
Geographic information systems (GIS) allow cartographers to create detailed maps.
Task 2. Decide which type of graphics software is best for these users.
1) a person who wants to edit photos at home; 2) an economist who wants to present statistics in a form that can be easily understood; 3) engineers who need to design the interior and exterior of a new airplane; 4) a company which needs to design and publish a magazine; 5) an artist who wants to produce illustrations and freehand drawings for a book; 6) an organization that needs to make maps and 3D virtual models of the surface of the Earth; 7) computer animators who make movies like Toy Story and Shrek; 8) a mathematician who wants to make fractal shapes of natural phenomena
|
|
|
Task 3. Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Translate.
| presentation software image manipulation filters bitmaps page layout rendering fractals |
1. are stored as pixels and can become a bit distorted when they are manipulated. 2. In painting programs and image editors, are special effects that can be applied to a picture, including drop shadows, textures, distortions, etc. 3. let you create pie charts, bar charts and line graphs. 4. adds textures to each surface and generates realistic reflections, shadows and highlights. 5. are geometrical patterns that are repeated at a small scale to generate irregular shapes, some of which are similar to objects in nature. 6. program lets you import text from a word processor, clip-art from graphics packages and images from scanners or cameras. 7. programs let you edit your favourite images.
Task 4. Translate the following text from Ukrainian into English:
. , , , , , , - , '. " ". . ' , ( , ) . ' - ' (). - , , ' () , .. IBM- ' PaintBrush, CorelDraw .
Task 5. Translate the following words into Ukrainian:
modeling, akin, analogous, rely, blur, occasionally, technique, effect, primarily, visual, imagery, acceleration, sequentially, process, polygonal, luminosity, diffuse, transparency, affect, virtual, technicians, transforming, circumference, tessellation, approximately, transferred, flares, merely, artifact, volumetric, proprietary, curve.
Task 6. Discuss the following questions:
1. What computer graphics programs do you know?
2. Where can we use computer graphics?
3. What skills should a computer graphics developer have?
Task 7. Read and translate the following text and do the exercises below.
