| Zero Article | Definite Article | ||
| 1 | Buildings, bridges | Waterloo Bridge Westminster Abbey | traditional use the Tower (of London) the White House the Old Bailey (the Crown Court in the UK) |
| 2 | Airports, railway and bus stations, | Heathrow Airport Victoria Station | |
| 3 | Hotels, clubs, restaurants, cafes, pubs | the Hilton; the Green Hotel the National Tennis Club the Restaurant Bretagne the Café de la Paix the Headless Woman |
| 4 | Museums, picture galleries, monuments | the National Gallery the British Museum the Washington Monument | |
| 5 | Concert halls, theatres, cinemas | the Albert Hall the Old Vic Theatre the Odeon Cinema | |
| 6 | Ships and boats | The Titanic The Seagull | |
| 7 | Newspapers and magazines | The Daily Mirror The Financial Times The Teens; The Vogue | |
| 8 | Names of historical events | the Paris Commune the Russian Revolution the Industrial Revolution the Napoleonic Wars the gold rush | |
| 9 | Parties and organizations | the Conservative Party The League of nations the NATO the European Union |
Exercise 9. Fill in a, an, the or (nothing).
1. She spent adventure holiday in the summer in the heart of Africa.
2. Although it was deep night, he could find his way through woods.
3. Im sure Im doing right thing.
4. My office is on third floor of old building.
5. A career in this field can be hard work but its rewarding.
6. most trains start badly on cold mornings.
7. Traffic jams are almost unavoidable in morning rush hour.
8. I had sandwich in school canteen for lunch today.
9. company wants us to pay for goods in advance.
10. Mary lives in large town in middle of London but she wants to live in country.
11. The Department of Linguistics at West Point is located on the west bank of Hudson River, north of California.
12. Sahara, the worlds largest desert, extends over eight million square kilometres.
13. Pacific Ocean keeps San Francisco cool.
Exercise 10. Fill in the articles in the proverbs if necessary.
1. apple day keeps doctor away.
2. appetite comes with eating.
3. good beginning makes good ending.
4. bird in hand is worth two in bush.
5. Among blind one-eyed man is king.
6. brevity is soul of wit.
7. cat has nine lives.
8. charity begins at home.
9. clothes make man.
10. curiosity killed cat.
Exercise 11.Fill in a, an, the or (nothing)?
1. _____diplomat is _______person who can tell you to go to hell in such a way that you actually look forward to_____ trip.
2. _____dog is _____only thing on earth that loves you more than you love yourself.
3. _____Americans like ______fat books and _____thin women.
|
|
|
4. _____optimist is someone who thinks _____future is uncertain.
5. _____equality is ____lie - _____women are better.
6. _____birds do it; _____bees do it; even _____educated fleas do it. Lets do it. Lets fall in ____love.
7. I always pass on _____good advice. It is ______only thing to do with it. It is never any use to oneself.
8. Remember that as _____teenager you are at _____last stage in your life when you will be happy to hear that _____phone is for you.
9. Save _____water, shower with _____friend.
10. When I was _____boy of fourteen, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have _____old man around. But when I got to be twenty-one, I was astonished at how much he had learned in seven years.
11. When I was born, I was so surprised that I couldnt talk for _____year and _____half.
12. California is ______great place if you happen to be ______orange.
Exercise 12. Translate the following sentences:
1. . , , .
2. : . ; , .
3. - ? - ͳ, . .
4. - ? - ͳ. .
5. - , . - ?
6. . ³ .
NUMERALS
| Cardinals(cardinal numerals/)numbers) | Ordinals(ordinal numerals/numbers) |
| - indicate exact number, used in counting Morphological composition: - simple: 1-12, 100, 1,00, 1,000,000 - derivatives:13-19 (-teen) 20-90 (-ty) - compound (composite): 21-29 31- 39 etc. Note: a hundred/one hundred a thousand/one thousand a million/one million collective a dozen /one dozen (12) numbers a score / one score (20) two dozen (24) a gross/one gross (12 dozen) Functions: - subject: Three plus three is six. - object: I bought four ( of them). - predictive: He is five. - Attribute: There were four men in the room. - Adverb. modifier: I get up at seven. Note: used instead of ordinals in postposition: Book Four but the fourth book, Act Three but the third,net Unit 5, lecture 3, line 6, paragraph 2, Chapter X, No. (number) 49 = # 49 (US English), Apartment 12, World War II(but the Second World War) | - Show the order of persons or things in a series Morphological composition: (the same) - Except the first three: 1st (the first), 2nd (the second), 3d (the third) are formed from cardinal numerals by means of the suffix th. Mind the pronunciation: 20 twenty but the 20ieth [ˈtwentııθ] 30 thirty but the 30ieth, etc. Note: normally they are used with the definite article: This is the second floor. But can be used with the indefinite article when they do not show a definite order of persons or things in a series: The bell rang once, then a second time, then a third. Functions: - Attribute: This is my first dance. - Subject: Then advancing towards us came a f ifth. - Predicative: So I might as well be the first. - object: She noted a scar on his cheek, another... and a third that ran... |
|
|
|
DATES
| 731 | seven hundred (and) thirty-one |
| 1900 | nineteen hundred |
| 1904 | nineteen [ou] four |
| 2000 | two thousand |
| 2009 | two thousand nine |
| 15th, May 1948 May 15th, 1948 May 15, 1948 | The fifteenth of May, nineteen forty-eight. May the fifteenth, nineteen forty-eight. |
THE FOUR OPERATIONS
| Addition | 4 + 5 = 9 | We add four to five and get nine. Four and five equals nine Four and five is (are) nine. |
| Subtraction | 9 4 = 5 | We subtract four from nine and get five. Four from nine is five. |
| Multiplication | 4 x 5 = 20 | We multiply four by five and get twenty. Four times five is twenty. |
| Division | 20: 4 = 5 | We divide twenty by four and get five. |
FRACTIONAL NUMERALS
Common Fractions
1/3 a (one) third 2/3 ton two thirds of a ton
1/8 an (one) eighth ¾ kilometre three quarters of a kilometre
½ a (one) half ½ ton half of a ton
¼ a (one) quarter 2 ½ tons two and a half tons or two tons and a half
2/3 two thirds 4 1/3 tons four and a third tons or four tons and a third
3/5 three fifths 1 ½ hours one and a half hours or one hour and a half
5/6 five sixths 1 1/3 pounds one and a third pounds or one pound and a third
Decimal Fractions
| 0.1 | nought [no:t] point one | 1.25 tons | one point two five tons |
| 0.01 | nought point nought one | 23.76 tons | two three point seven six tons or twenty-three point seven six tons |
| 0.25 | nought point two five | 14.105 | one four (or fourteen) point one nought five |
Extra information
| 0 | 0; zero | |
| 1/2 | a half; one half | |
| 1/3 | a third; one third | |
| 3/4 | three fourths | |
| 1/2 bh | a half of the product bh | |
| u is equal to the ratio of divided by one plus x square | |
| 0.02 | 0 point 0 two | |
| 38.75 | thirty-eight point seventy five | |
| + | plus | |
| - | minus | |
| x | multiplication sign | |
| : | sign of division | |
| = | sign of equality | |
| () | round brackets | |
| [ ] | square brackets | |
| a=b | a is equal to b; a equals b; | |
| ab | a approximately equals b | |
| a>b | a is greater than b | |
| a<b | a is less than b | |
| x=-x | x approaches infinity | |
| ab=c | a multiplied by b equals c | |
| a/b=c | a divided by b equals c a divided by b is c the ratio of a to b is c c is equal to a divided by b | |
| a+b=c | a plus b is c, a plus b are equal to c a plus b is equal to c | |
| a-b=c | a minus b is equal to c | |
| x2 | x squire, x squired; x to the second power; x raised to the second power; the square of x; the second power of x | |
| y3 | y cube; y cubed; y to the third power | |
| z-12 | z to the minus twelfth power | |
| ∞ | infinity | |
| C | constant | |
| the square root of a is (equals) b | |
| the fifth root of a square | |
| a′ | a prime | |
| a″ | a second prime a double prime a twice dashed | |
| a1 | a sub one a first | |
| am | a sub m | |
| f′c | f prime, sub c f sub c, prime | |
| second derivative of x | |
| first derivative of x with respect to y | |
| ym=f(x) | y is function of x y sub m is a function y x | |
| integral of.... from m to n integral of.... between limits n and m | |
| v is equal to u; square root of sine square i plus cosine square i is equal to u | |
| % | per cent | |
| 0.52 % | point five two per cent zero point five two of one per cent | |
| 450C | forty five degrees Centigrade |
Exercises
|
|
|
Exercise 13. Say aloud the following numerals:
1, 1st, 2, 2nd, 3, 3d, 4, 4th, 40, 40th, 5, 5th, 8, 8th, 9, 9th, 10, 10th, 12, 12th, 20, 20th, 100, 100th.
Exercise 14. Are you good at maths?
a) Do the following exercise. Fill in the gaps with correct words and numerals.
| .......................... | an hour | ||
| .......................... | a minute | ||
| There are | .......................... | in | a day |
| .......................... | a week | ||
| .......................... | a month | ||
| .......................... | a year |
b) Do the following sums.
| 3+4 = | 12+13= | 19-4= | 195- 70= |
| 5+6= | 14+15= | 18- 5= | 280-52= |
| 7+2= | 16+17= | 17 6= | 467 13= |
| 8+9= | 18+19= | 16 8= | 748 23= |
| 2x9= | 9x3= | 54: 6 = | 72:8 = |
| 3x8= | 8x4= | 18: 2= | 45: 9= |
| 4x7= | 7x5 | 21: 7= | 90: 6= |
| 5x6= | 6x6= | 15: 5= | 24:3= |
| ¼+1/4= | 1/3+2/3= | 69: 3= | 3/8 + 1/8 = |
| 1/5 + 1/5= | 1/8+3/4= |
Exercise 15. Read the following years aloud.
1066 1778 1804 1918 2005 63BC 1132 1559 55BC 1874 1246 925 718 1963 1799 1666 2000
Exercise 16. Practise reading the following dates aloud.
18.4.94 4.9.77 24.8.63 7.7.43 22.03.55 31.05.87 (GB)
4/18/94 9/4/77 8/24/63 7/7/43 3/22/55 5/31/87 (US)
