01. 3
02.3
03. 1
04. -5; -6; -5; -3; -8; -1; -7; -2;
05. -4; -6; -3; -2; -1; -5; -7; -4
06.
07.
08. 0, 066-0, 11 . -3
09. 4, 55 10 .-3; 0, 001
10. 0, 37 .-3; 0, 74 .-3; 0, 05 .-3
01. 1
02. 4
03. 2
04. 3
05. 3
06. 2
07. 2
08. 2
10. 1
11. 8,45 /-3
12. 2,18%
13. 10
14. 210,5
15. 0,11
.
01. 3
02. 1
03. 2,4
04. 1,4,5
05. 4
06. 3
07.
08.
11. 0, 35 .-3; 43, 8 3
1.4.
01. 3,4
02. 3
03. 2
04. 2
05. 2
06. 3
07. 4
08. 3
09. 3
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. -49,2 . -1
17. 1, 13 . -1
18. 2486,22
1.5.
01. 1
02. 2
03. 2
04. 4
05. 3
06. 1
07. 2
08.
09. -140, 39 .-1
10. 125
11. 3, 95
12. 140
.
01. 3
02. 4
03. 2,3
04. 2.
05. 1.
06. -3,-4,-1,-3,-1.
07. .
08. .
09. .
10. -.
11. .
12. .
13. .
14.
15. 4,519 .
16. 249420
17. 307
18. FeCL3
1.7. pH
01. 3
02. 4
03. 3
04. 1
05. 3
06. 3
07. 4
08. 4
09. 6,75; 7,25
10. 4,3710-8 -3; 2,2910-7 -3
11. 1,52; 13,08
12. 8,36
1.8.
01. 1
02. 2
03.
04.
05.
06.
07. 3,81; 4,39; 4,76; 5,13; 5,71
08. 6,84
09. 0,1 /-3
01. 3
02. 1
03. 3
04. 4
05. 2
06. 2
07. 4
08. 3
09. 2
10. 1
11. 2
12. 3
13. 4
14. 1
15. 1
01. 4
02. 1
03. 3
04. 1
05. 1
06. 1
07. 1
08. 3
09. 1
10. 3
11. 4
12. 2
01. 2
02. 1
03. 3
04. 1
05. 3
06. 2
07.
08.
09.
10.
1. . . . / . , . . . : , 2010. 620 .
2. .. . / . . ,
. . , . . : , 2010. 105 .
3. . . : . . / .. , .. , .. .; . .. , .. . .: . ., 2008.
|
|
217 .
4. . . . / . .. .- : , 2008. 345 .
-
1 ... = 1,6605402∙10 -27 | |
( = 273,15 , = 101325 ) | Vm = 22,414 3/ |
N = 6,0221367∙10 23 -1 | |
k = 1,380658∙10 -23 / | |
F = 96485, 309 / | |
R = 8,314510 /(∙) |
| ||
() | 1 = 100 () | |
() | 1 = 1000 () | |
() | 1 = 3600 | |
() | 0 = 273,150 ( ) | |
| ||
(3) | 13 = 10003 (.) = 1 000 0003 (.) 13 = 1 0003 1 () = 13 1 () = 13 | |
() ( = ∙/2) | ||
() ( = /2) | 1 () = 101325 1 . . . = 133 | |
() ( = ∙) | 1 () = 4,184 |
10 -12 | ||
10 -9 | ||
10 -6 | ||
10 -3 | ||
10 -2 | ||
10 -1 | ||
10 | ||
10 2 | ||
10 3 | ||
10 6 | ||
10 9 | ||
10 12 |
4. ( = 298)
0, | 0, | ||
Li+/Li | 3,045 | Ni2+/Ni | 0,250 |
Rb+/Rb | 2,925 | Sn2+/Sn | 0,136 |
K+/K | 2,925 | Pb2+/Pb | 0,126 |
Cs+/Cs | 2,923 | Fe3+/Fe | 0,036 |
Ra2+/Ra | 2,916 | H+/H2 | + 0,000 |
Ba2+/Ba | 2,906 | Ge2+/Ge | + 0,010 |
Ca2+/Ca | 2,866 | Cu2+/Cu | + 0,337 |
Na+/Na | 2,714 | O2/OH | + 0,401 |
La3+/La | 2,522 | Cu+/Cu | + 0,521 |
Mg2+/Mg | 2,363 | Ag+/Ag | + 0,799 |
Be2+/Be | 1,847 | Hg2+/Hg | + 0,854 |
Al3+/Al | 1,662 | Pd2+/Pd | + 0,987 |
Ti2+/Ti | 1,628 | Br2/Br | + 1,065 |
V2+/V | 1,186 | Pt2+/Pt | + 1,200 |
Mn2+/Mn | 1,180 | O2/H2O | + 1,229 |
Cr2+/Cr | 0,913 | Cl2/Cl | + 1,359 |
Zn2+/Zn | 0,763 | Au3+/Au | + 1,498 |
Cr3+/Cr | 0,744 | Au+/Au | + 1,691 |
Fe2+/Fe | 0,440 | H2/H | + 2,200 |
Cd2+/Cd | 0,403 | F2/F | + 2,866 |
Co2+/Co | 0,277 |
5. - ( = 298)
0, | |||||
1 | As
| HAsO2 + 3H+ + 3e → As↓ + 2H2O | + 0,234 | ||
2 | H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e ↔ HAsO2 + 2H2O | + 0,560 | |||
3 | AsO2 + 2H2O + 3e → As↓ + 4OH | 0,680 | |||
4 | AsO43 + 2H2O + 2e → AsO2 + 4OH | 0,710 | |||
5 | Br | Br2 + 2e ↔ 2Br | + 1,087 | ||
6 | BrO3 + 5H+ + 4e ↔ HBrO + 2H2O | + 1,450 | |||
7 | BrO3 + 2H2O + 4e ↔ BrO + 4OH | + 0,540 | |||
8 | 2BrO3 + 6H2O + 10e ↔ Br2 + 12OH | + 0,500 | |||
9 | BrO3 + 6H+ + 6e ↔ Br + 3H2O | + 1,450 | |||
10 | BrO3 + 3H2O + 6e ↔ Br + 6OH | + 0,610 | |||
11 | C | 2CO2↑ + 2H+ + 2e ↔ H2C2O4 | 0,490 | ||
12 | Cl | Cl2↑ + 2e ↔ 2Cl | + 1,359 | ||
13 | HClO + H+ + 2e ↔ Cl + H2O | + 1,500 | |||
14 | ClO3 + 6H+ + 6e ↔ Cl + 3H2O | + 1,450 | |||
15 | 2ClO3 + 12H+ + 10e → Cl2↑ + 6H2O | + 1,470 | |||
16 | ClO4 + 2H+ + 2e ↔ ClO3 + H2O | + 1,190 | |||
17 | ClO4 + 8H+ + 8e ↔ Cl + 4H2O | + 1,380 | |||
18 | ClO4 + 4H2O + 8e ↔ Cl + 8OH | + 0,560 | |||
19 | Co | Co3+ + e ↔ Co2+ | + 1,810 | ||
20 | Cr | Cr3+ + e ↔ Cr 2+ | 0,408 | ||
21 | Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e ↔ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O | + 1,330 | |||
22 | CrO42 + 4H2O + 3e → Cr(OH)3↓ + 5OH | 0,130 | |||
23 | Cu | Cu2+ + 2e ↔ Cu↓ | + 0,345 | ||
24 | Cu2+ + e ↔ Cu+ | + 0,159 | |||
25 | Fe | Fe3+ + e ↔ Fe2+ | + 0,771 | ||
26 | [Fe(CN)6]3 + e ↔ [Fe(CN)6]4 | + 0,360 | |||
27 | H | 2H2O + 2e → H2↑ + 2OH | 0,828 | ||
28 | H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e ↔ 2H2O | + 1,776 | |||
29 | Hg | 2Hg2+ + 2e ↔ Hg22+ | + 0,920 | ||
30 | I | I2↓ + 2e ↔ 2I | + 0,536 | ||
31 | IO3 + 5H+ + 4e ↔ HIO + 2H2O | + 1,140 | |||
32 | IO3 + 2H2O + 4e ↔ IO + 4OH | + 0,560 | |||
33 | 2IO3 + 12H+ + 10e ↔ I2 + 6H2O | + 1,190 | |||
34 | 2IO3 + 6H2O + 10e ↔ I2 + 12OH | + 0,210 | |||
35 | IO3 + 6H+ + 6e ↔ I + 3H2O | + 1,080 | |||
36 | IO3 + 3H2O + 6e ↔ I + 6OH | + 0,260 | |||
37 | In | In3+ + e ↔ In2+ | 0,400 | ||
38 | Mn | MnO42 + 2H2O + 2e → MnO2↓ + 4OH | + 0,600 | ||
39 | MnO4 + 4H+ + 3e → MnO2↓ + 2H2O | + 1,690 | |||
40 | MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e ↔ Mn2+ + 4H2O | + 1,510 | |||
41 | N | NO3 + 2H+ + 2e ↔ NO2 + H2O | + 0,940 | ||
42 | NO3 + 2H+ + e → NO2↑ + H2O | + 0,800 | |||
43 | HNO3(p) + 9H+ + 8e ↔ NH4+ + 3H2O | + 0,920 | |||
44 | O | O2↑ + 2H+ + 2e ↔ H2O2 | + 0,682 | ||
45 | P | H3PO4 + 2H+ + 2e ↔ H3PO3 + H2O | 0,276 | ||
46 | PO43 + 2H2O + 2e ↔ HPO32 + 3OH | 1,120 | |||
47 | H3PO4 + 4H+ + 4e ↔ H3PO2 + 2H2O | 0,390 | |||
48 | Pb | PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e ↔ Pb2+ + 2H2O | + 1,455 | ||
49 | PbO2 + 4H+ + SO42 + 2e ↔ PbSO4 + 2H2O | + 1,685 | |||
50 | S | S4O62 + 2e ↔ 2S2O32 | + 0,090 | ||
51 | SO42 + 4H+ + 2e ↔ H2SO3 + H2O | + 0,170 | |||
52 | SO42 + 8H+ + 6e → S↓ + 4H2O | + 0,360 | |||
53 | SO42 + 4H2O + 6e → S↓ + 8OH | 0,750 | |||
54 | SO42 + 10H+ + 8e → H2S↑ + 4H2O | + 0,310 | |||
55 | SO42++10H+ + 8e ↔ H2S(p) + 4H2O | + 0,303 | |||
56 | SO42 + H2O + 2e → SO32 + 2OH | 0,930 | |||
57 | S2O82 + 2e ↔ 2SO42 | + 2,010 | |||
58 | Sn | Sn4+ + 2e ↔ Sn2+ | + 0,150 | ||
59 | Ti | Ti3+ + e ↔ Ti2+ | 0,368 | ||
60 | Tl | TI3+ + 2e ↔ TI+ | + 1,250 | ||
61 | V | V3+ + e ↔ V2+ | 0,256 | ||
62 | Zn | Zn2+ + 2e → Zn↓ | 0,764 |