.


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:

































 

 

 

 


9




144, 146

(Hitler Adolf) 55, 327 (Hobbes Thomas) 97 . (Govier . .) 38 (Gombrich Ernst H.) 82, 90 (Gomperz Theodor) 12 (Gonseth Ferdinand) 156, 160,

162, 165, 172, 175 (Gorgias) 351

. (Gouge Thomas F.) 221

(Gould Julius L.) 139, 344, 356

(Gray Asa) 78

(Gray Walter) 139

. (Gräetzer G.) 423

424

. (Griffin D.R.) 137

38

. (Groos .) 67, 74

(Grote George) 337

(Gram Moltke) 92

142

(Husserl Edmund) 47, 277

.. (Dung P.M.) 424 (Dann John) 330 (Darwin Francis) 76, 90 (Darwin Charles) 4-6, 9, 11, 13, 15, 21, 22, 25, 58, 75-84, 86, 89, 90, 120-123, 141, 142, 146, 166, 197, 220, 428 (Dahrendorf Ralf) 315, 316 (Dawkins Richard) 88, 91 (Descartes Rene) 32, 48, 97, 180,

248

(Democritus) 32, 351 . (Denbigh K.G.) 90 (Jevons William Stanley),

, 111, 138, 143

() (James William) 111, 112, 117, 120, 121, 129, 138, 140-144, 224, 239, 272

(Jennings Herbert Spencer) 68, 74, 86, 103, 104, 117, 137, 143

. (Jensen Donald D.) 92 . (Jenson Harry J.) 92 . (Jenson Irena L.) 141 P. (Jeffrey R.C.) 297 . P. (Josephson J. R.) 424 .. (Josephson S.G.) 424 (Johnson Ralph H.) 38 (Dick Jan) 92 (Diels Hermann) 63, 74 (Dirac Paul Adrien

Maurice) 53

. (Dobzhansky T.) 91 . (Dockx S.) 146 . (Dollard J.) 112, 143 () (Duns Scotus John

(Joannes .)) 235

(Dewey John) 121, 123, 141, 272 (Dürer Albrecht) 49, 209 () (Dunem Pierre Maurice Marie) 97

E

(Euclides) 72

- 367, 369,

389, 393, 414, 419, 423

457

3

424 A. (Zadeh Lofti A.) 424 (Simmel Georg) 5, 120, 121, 132, 135, 141, 142, 144

. (Yilmaz H.) 129, 146

(Immelman) 139

. (Inhelder .) 424

. (Itani J.) 67, 74

(Isherwood Cristopher) 208

. . (Yockey H.P.) 145

. (Kawamura S.) 67, 74

(Kyburg Henry E.) 424

(Kakas A.C.) 424

(Cullen Michael) 92

(Kant Immanuel) 41, 47, 48, 60,

97, 98, 125-131, 146, 151, 152, 171, 172,

205, 206, 221, 230, 246, 265, 276, 301, 361 I 330 (Charlemagne, Carolus Magnus

.) 311 (Carnap Rudolf) 54, 55, 60, 159,

177, 178, 199, 241, 248, 275, 277, 292, 293,

297, 370

(Carpenter Edward) 128 Kapp .. (Carr E.H.) 344, 345, 354, 356 (Cams Paul) 240 (Cassirer Ernst) 129, 145 (Caste Nicolas J.) 38 (Quastler H.) 145 ʸ (Köler W.) 108, 138, 142 51 (Keller Helen) 68, 151 (Kellogg W. N.) 137 (Kepler Johannes) 166, 184, 190-

192, 197, 269, 270, 278, 279, 310 (Köerner Stephan) 31, 181, 289 ʸ (Koeske Gary) 92 (Kiersky James H.) 38 .. (Clark G.N.) 56 (Klibansky Raymond) 175,

290

. (Cleve Felix M.) 175 (Kleene Stephen Cole) 45 . (Codognet P.) 424

(Collingwood Robin George) 39, 331, 333 P. (Colodny R.G.) 146, 221 (Columbus ., Colombo

., Colon . Christopher) 238 (Compton Arthur Holly)

16, 137, 175 (Compte Auguste) 36

(Kopernik, Copernicus Nicolaus) 278

(Cornforth Maurice) 55, 56

48, 49

(Caws Peter) 117, 144

(Koch Robert) 197

. (Koch S.) 139

(Cohen L. Jonathan) 297

(Cohen Robert S.) 140, 142, 146, 297

(Krabbe E.C.W.) 38

. (Kranz W.) 63, 74

(Kraus Karl) 326

. . (Kroeber A. L.) 144

.. (Craik K.J.W.) 112, 143

(Crick Francis Harry Compton) 197

. (Crothers E.J.) 136

(Xenophanes) 60, 313

(Quine Willard van Orman) 129, 139, 140, 146, 425

.. 9, 325

423, 424

(Cooley Charles Horton) 123

(Kuhn Thomas S.) 5, 17, 92, 117, 119, 140, 144, 244, 248-251, 276, 277, 282, 283, 285, 286, 325, 326

. (Kusch M.) 297

(Campbell Donald T.) 4-6, 9, 10, 28, 49, 50, 57, 60, 83, 91, 92, 95, 97, 105, 112, 134, 137-140, 142-144, 147, 149-153, 166, 220, 221, 365, 366, 420, 425, 429

(Cannon Walter Bradford) 117, 118, 140, 143

(LaLumia Joseph) 92, 145

(Lubbock John) 76

(Lovejoy Arthur Oncken)

142 () (Lakatos Imre) 17, 248,

254, 277, 282, 285, 290 (Lamarck Jean-Baptist Pierre

Antoine de Monet de) 107, 120, 122, 166 (Lange Friedrich Albert)

128, 141, 151

(Laplace Pierre Simon Marquis de) 54, 56, 182 3, 46, 51, 59, 313, 314,

351, 424, 425

314 313 (Levi Isaac) 295, 297 (Leverrier Urbain

Jean Joseph) 236

(Levinson Arnold) 92 . (Levinson Ronald .) 41,

336, 338

458

(Leibniz Gottfried

Wilhelm) 97, 127, 296, 402, 424 5, 324 - (Lesage George-Louis) 190 (Lee Richard Char-Tung) 423 , (Livingstone Richard,

Sir) 350

388 (Limoges .) 144 (Lindenbaum Adolf) 177 ., (Lindsay Adam D., Lord)

146

(Lipsey Mark) 92 (Locke John) 55, 97, 127, 128, 162,

260 (Lorenz Konrad) 6-8, 17, 48, 49,

60, 67, 74, 92, 129-132, 135, 138, 139,

142, 145, 151

. (Lowes J. L) 112, 143 (Lawrence of

Arabia Thomas Edward) 55 . (Lewis David .) 292, 296 (Lewis Hywel David) 289

(Magee Bryan) 352, 356

P. (Magnus R.) 129, 145

(Michelson Albert

Aaraham) 156

(Mayr Ernst) 87, 91 . (Mack R.W.) 140 .. ( D.M.) 92 P. (MacCormac Earl R.) 92, 139 . (MacLeod M.C.) 139 (MacCarty John) 388, 417, 424 (Maxwell Grover) 92, 129, 146,

221 (Maxwell James Clerc)

97, 155, 185, 190

. (Mancarella P.) 424 (Mannheim Karl) 318, 325 (Marx Karl) 13, 243, 319, 324-329,

336, 338, 341, 346 190 (Musgrave Alan) 9, 290 . . (Mowrer O.H.) 112, 143 . (Maus H.) 298, 314, 316, 325 (Mach Ernst) 109, 111, 112, 120, 129,

132, 135, 138-141, 143, 144, 184, 185, 280 (Medawar Peter) 70 (Meyerson Emile) 97, 129, 145 (Mace C.A.) 11, 289 (Menger Karl) 238, 275 (Mendel Gregor Jogann)

197

- (Mendes-France Pierre) 348 . (Menzel E.W.) 67, 74 48

- (Merleau-Ponty Maurice)

129, 145 (Merton Robert King) 118,

140, 144

̸ (Murphey Murray G.) 230, 275 . (Miyadi D.) 67, 74 (Mead Margaret) 140

(Michelangelo Buonarroti) 72, 78, 428 - 139 (Miller David) 28, 51, 153 (Miller Neal Edgar) 112, 143 (Mill John Stuart) 42, 97,

124, 127, 128, 269, 270, 278, 341, 364, 369,

372, 380, 388, 402, 406, 423 422, 424 (Mischel Theodore) 92, 142 (Moser Simon) 289 . (Molden) . 89 (Monod Jackes Lucien) 117,

144, 146

(Montegue Richard) 45 (Morgan C.Lloyd) 67, 74, 107,

129, 138, 144

(Morris Charles William) 92 (Mozart Wolfgang

Amadeus) 78, 109, 428 (Moon Sun Myung) 178 (Moore George Edward) 54 (Moore Edward .) 221 (Mew Melitta) 164, 176, 298 (Mays Wolfe) 7, 92 (Müller Max) 128 (Müller Fritz) 204 . (Münzinger . F.) 112, 143

(Nagel Ernst) 248

III (Napoleon III) 351

(Natsoulas Thomas) 92

. (Nauta D.) 296

(Neurath Otto) 177

(Niiniluoto Ilkka) 297

51

(Nietzsche Friedrich von)

313 ... (Northrop F.S.C.) 92, 117, 129,

143, 145

(Notturno Mark Amadeus) 22, 284, 314 () (Newell Aleen) 139, 222 (Newton Isaac) 32, 55, 56, 72, 76,

97, 109, 127, 159, 166, 184, 190-192, 197,

243, 250, 260, 264, 280, 310

.. (Ogburn W.F.) 144 (Auger Pierre) 117, 144

459

(Ockham or Occam, William) 238

.. (Osborn H.F.) 107, 138

(Austin John Langshaw) 140, 291,

296 .. 153

, (Paul the Apostle, Saint) 54

. (Pumphrey R.J.) 105, 137

.. 138

(Pap Arthur) 241

(Pärmenides) 17, 60, 63

(Pascal Blaise) 182

(Passmor John) 277

(Pasteur Louis) 197

.. (Patel LG.) 176, 194

(Pauli Wolfgang Ernst) 53

(Powell Enoch) 355

() (Paley William) 76-78, 80-82

(Pepper Stephen .) 92, 117, 129, 144, 145, 220

(Pericles) 350, 351

(Perrin Burton) 92

. (Petrie Hugh G.) 92, 134, 142

6, 7, 281, 282

(Piaget Jean) 6-8, 17, 129, 141, 145, 423, 424

(Pietarinen J.) 297

(Pilot Harold) 316

. . (Pillsbury W. .) 112, 143

(Peirce Charles Sanders) 8, 10, 42, 97, 119, 121-123, 141, 180, 210, 215-221, 222, 225-236, 238-241, 268-275, 278-282, 289, 364, 366, 384, 395, 396, 404, 406, 411, 416, 423, 429

(Plantinga Alvin) 292, 297

(Plato) 12, 13, 32, 40, 41, 47, 48, 97, 153, 190, 228, 252, 261, 277, 334, 336-338, 342, 350, 351, 358

. (Platt John R.) 92, 129, 145

. . (Platzman R. L.) 145

. (Plonka J.) 423

(Polya George) 112, 364, 400, 401, 424

(Polanyi Michael) 197, 244, 248, 255, 276, 282-284

. (Pollard J.W.) 48, 57

(Pope Alexander) 190

, (Popper Karl Raimund, Sir) 3, 4, 6, 8-46, 48-52, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, 68, 74, 75, 89-92, 94, 96, 98-101, 108, 117, 119, 125, 127, 130, 132-134, 136-140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 153-159, 161-164, 167, 174-176, 181, 190, 193, 194, 201, 203, 210-215, 220, 221, 222, 225, 227, 228, 238-259, 264, 265, 267-284, 286, 287, 290, 294, 298, 307, 309, 311, 314, 315, 317, 324, 325, 327, 330, 333, 336-338, 340-357, 359, 363-369, 371, 372, 377, 383, 389, 394, 396, 397, 404, 406, 411, 418, 420, 421-428

. (Post F.) 363

.. (Poulton E.B.) 107, 138

. (Pryce M.H.L.) 31, 289

. (Pringle J.W.S.) 138

(Protagoras) 63

(Ptolemy) 278

(Poincäre Jules Henri) 97, 103, 109, 111, 112, 120, 129, 132, 135, 138, 140, 143, 144

P

(Radnitzky Gerald) 16, 75,

89, 92, 147

(Ryle Gilbert) 276 . . (Wright W. .) 129, 142, 145 A. (Ramsay A.) 139 . (Ramsey Frank P.) 53, 56, 377,

424 ( )

(Rapoport Anatol) 6, 142, 145, 349 , (Russell Bertrand, Lord) 6,

52-54, 56, 60, 82, 97, 137, 138, 341, 361,

370

(Rathbone Eleanor) 355 () (Reichenbach Hans) 129,

140, 142, 145, 177, 178 . (Restle F.) 136 (Rescher Nicholas) 4, 29, 30,

210, 221, 220, 221, 366, 404, 423 . (Rignano E.) 112, 143 .. (Rizzo N.D.) 139 .. (Richie A.D.) 117, 143 P.C. (Robin R.S.) 221 (Robinson Richard) 338 (Royce Josiah) 272 . (Roller D.H.D.) 117, 144 . (Rootselaar . van) 142, 277,

297

(Rougier L.) 140, 142 50 (Rand Ayn) 254

3, 9, 11, 17, 28, 45, 46, 60, 136, 142, 145, 161, 174, 181, 201, 210, 275, 284, 325

. (Simon Herbert .) 45, 112, 113, 139, 221

.-. (Sahlin N.-E.) 297

(Sellars Roy Wood) 129, 145

. (Sellars Wilfrid S.) 129, 145, 289

. A. (Sebeok . .) 139

(Simpson George Gay-lord) 20, 80, 129, 145

423

460

(Skolimowski Henryk) 4, 8, 10, 45, 92, 164, 222, 239, 267, 275-277, 282-289, 366, 423, 426 . (Sluckin W.) 112, 143 () . (Smullyan Raymond .) 369, 423 51 (Smuts J.) 14

(Socrates) 37, 41, 153, 167, 313, 337, 351

(Spencer Herbert) 5, 16, 108,

111, 120, 121, 127, 128, 130, 141, 144, 151,

166, 175, 269, 271, 272

(Sperry Roger Wolcott)

83, 91 ()

(Spinoza (Baruch) Benedictus de) 48, 52, 56, 91, 392, 424

. (Staal J.E.) 142, 277, 297 55 (Stebbing Susan) 354, 356 . (Stemmer N.) 129 50 (Strachey John) 345, 356 (Suppes Patrick) 297 (Souriau Paul) , 111, 138, 143, 144 (Savage L. Jimmy) 292, 296, 297 (Sapir Edward) 425

(Tarde Gabriel) 35

(Tarski Alfred) 45, 177-179,

309, 363, 367, 377, 423 . (Tauscher H.) 144 (Taylor Alfred Edward)

337

(Tennessen Herman) 92, 141 Ҹ (Thurstone Louis Leon) 112,

143

(Todd William) 92 (Toynbee Arnold Joseph)

345 (Tolman Edward Chase) 112,

143

. (Thomas D.) 144 51 . (Thompson ML) 141 , (Thomson

William, Lord Kelvin) 220

(Tawney Richard Henry) 335 (Thorpe William Homan) 87 55 . (Toulmin S.E.) 6, 92, 117,

119, 129, 140, 144, 146, 248 . (Turing Alan M.) 53, 56 . (Tax S.) 90 (Tanner Michael) 330

(Wild John) 363

(Whitehead Alfred Norton)

14, 52, 56, 97, 227, 239, 275 . (Watts F.) 289 () (Wimsatt William .)

92, 137

. (Winkler R.) 67, 74 .. (Whitrow GJ.) 129, 145 (Waddington Conrad

Hal) 20, 80, 90, 129, 142, 145 . (Walk .) 297 (Waller . N.) 38 (Wallace Alfred Rüssel)

118

(Walpole Horace (Horacio)) 118 .. (Wallraff . F.) 92, 128, 141, 151 .. (Worden F.G.) 91 (Whorf Benjamin Lee) 253 (Watkins John

William Nevill) 16, 51, 254, 277 (Watts Frederick) 289 . (Watson Robert I.) 92 (Webster Noah) 222, 273 (Whately Richard) 356

(Vaihinger Hans) 221 (Faraday Michael) 185, 190 (Feigl Herbert) 86, 91, 222 () (Feyerabend Paul) 17,

248, 254, 285

. (Field G.C.) 350, 356 3, 41-44, 46-48,

51, 364, 423-424

(Fisch Max) 240, 275 ... (Fisher H.A.L.) 346, 356 , (Fisher Ronald

Aymer, Sir) 20, 80 . (Fisher S.) 329 . (Flavell J. H.) 145 (Florkin Marcel) 204 (Vollmer Gerhard) 49, 50 (Franck James) 186, 187, 191 (Frank Philipp) 177, 316

(Frege Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob) 252, 257,

292, 370

(Freud Zigmund) 243 (Fries Jakob Friedrich) 128,

151

(Freeman J. .) 38 (Freeman Eugene) 4, 8, 10, 45,

164, 222, 242, 275, 279-281, 289, 366, 423,

426, 429

(Frisby David) 298, 314 . . (Frisch J. E.) 67, 74 . (Frisch . von) 115, 139 (Frost Robert) 314 A. (Fouille A.) 112, 129, 143 (Thucydides) 351

461

(Fukui Kenichi) 188 . (Fürstenberg F.) 298, 314, 316, 325

X

(Haas William Paul) 275 (Habermas Jürgen) 315-317,

321, 322, 324, 325 (Hayek Friedrich . von)

166, 175, 194 . (Hein .) 61, 74 (Hacking Ian) 292, 296 (Hull Clark Leonard) 112,

143

(Halonen ) 296 (Hallden S.) 294, 297 K.P. (Hammond . R.) 138 (Humphrey G.) 112, 143 (Hansen Troels Eggers) 164 (Hartshorne Charles) 141, 219,

227, 239, 274

() (Hahlweg Kai) 6, 7, 48 41 .. (Hebb D.O.) 139 (Hejenoort J. van) 297 (Hare Richard) 176 .. (Hayes R.J.) 417, 424 P. (Held R.) 61, 74 . (Henerey M.) 139 ո .. (Hirst R.J.) 92 ո (Höffding Harold) 127, 141,

151

P. A. (Hinde R.A.) 139 (Hill Tomas English) 426 (Hintikka Jaakko) 4, 30, 31, 291,

294, 296, 297, 428

- 177 . (Hawkins D.) 129, 145 (Haldane John

Burdon Sanderson) 20, 60, 80 . (Holmes S.J.) 138 (Holton Gerald) 117, 144 (Chomsky Noam) 258-261, 267,

271, 277, 278, 287, 288 (Horkheimer Max) 315, 324, 327-329

. (Hochkeppel W.) 67, 74 . (Hooker C.A.) 6, 7, 48 (Whewell William) 97, 117 . (Hanson Norwood R.) 221

(Caesar Gaius Julius)

39, 331, 333

(Zilsel Edgar) 178 (Zirkle .) 144

21

(Child Arthur) 92, 129, 142, 145

( Milie) 92, 120, 140-145

. (Chang Chin-Liang) 423

, (Churchill Winston Leonard Spencer, Sir) 351, 352

(Chichele Henry) 56

(Sharpe Robert) 221

(Shakespeare William) 78, 428

(Scheler Max) 318, 327

. . (Shelton H.S.) 129, 145

(Schilpp Paul Arthur) 4, 15, 16, 28, 52, 92, 146, 147, 154, 163, 164, 220, 221, 222, 241, 275, 277, 280, 290, 340, 357, 360, 363

A. (Shimony A.) 129, 146 (Schlick Moritz) 178, 316 (Schmidt Alfred) 324, 329 . (Schmitt Frank .) 91, 140,

146 (Schopenhauer Arthur) 75, 144, 206

. (Shaw J.C.) 139 (Spengler Oswald) 361 . (Spiegelman S.) 101, 137 (Spurzheim Johann

Kaspar) 56

(Schrödinger Erwin) 53 (Stöhr Adolph) 175 . (Stemmer N.) 146 (Shute Nevil) 175

. (Eigen M.) 67, 74 (Adey Glyn) 298, 314 (Euler Leon hard) 236 (Einstein Albert) 24, 25, 53,

58, 68, 69, 82, 86, 96, 97, 180, 185, 191, 197, 200, 209, 211, 243, 260, 272, 280

, (Eccles John , Sir) 61, 68, 74, 91, 284, 290

, (Acton John, Lord) 336

(Engels Friedrich) 5, 324, 325

(Epicurus) 109

(0rsted Hans Christian) 185, 190

. . (Estes W.K.) 136

424

(Asch Solomon E.) 139

. (Ashby W.Ross) 92, 102, 103, 111, 122, 137, 138, 141, 143

145

. (Uexküll J. von) 121, 129, 145

34

() (Hume David) 44, 77, 94-97, 99, 124, 126, 134, 159, 171, 342, 365, 372, 383, 395, 424

(Young Alistar) 330





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