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1. Popper K.R. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Hulchinson; New York: Basic Books, 1959, p.42. LSD. (, . IVII. X . . . / . .. .: . 1983, . 65 ( ).)

LSD, p. 108 [, . 144].

2. Popper . R. Conjectures and Refutations. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; New York: Basic Books, 1963. C&R.

C&R. p.46 [Pyc. . . , .260].

C&R, p. 51 [. 268-269].

C&R, p. 52 [, . 269) (. C&R, pp. 216, 312-13, 383 ).

. C&R, . 44.

3. Estes W. . All-or-None Processes in Learning and Retention // American Psychologist, vol. 19, 1964. pp. 16-25; Resile F. The Selection of Strategies in Cue Learning // Psychological Review, vol.69, 1962, pp. 329-43; Atkinson R.C. and Crorhen E.J. A Comparison of Paired-Associate Learning Models Having Different Acquisition and Retention Axioms // Journal of Mathematical Psychology vol. 1. 1964, pp. 285-312.

LSD, pp. 17-19 [, . 35, 39-40].

LSD, p.22 (, .43-44).

4. , : . , , , (Russell . Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1948, p.421 [. .: . : . .: , 1957, .450]).

C&R, . 216 [, . 326].

LSD, pp. 278-79 [, . 226-227].

5. Popper . R, Of Clouds and Clocks: An Approach to the Problem of Rationality and the Freedom of Man. St. Louis, Missouri, Washington University, 1966, p. 23 ( .) (Arthur Holly Compton Memorial Lecture), 21 1965 . 38- ; . Popper . R. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. Ch. 6. Oxford, Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1972. (. . , .496-557.)

, . 23 [, . 539].

, . 25 [, . 542].

6. . Wimsatt W.C. Modern Science and the New Teleology ( , -, 1971 .) Wimsatt W.C. Teleology and the Logical Structure of Function Statements // Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, vol.3, Nsl, April 1972. , .

7. Spiegelman S. Differentiation as the Controlled Production of Unique Enzymalic Patterns // Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, II: Growth in Relation to Differentiation and Morphogenesis. New York: Academic Press, 1948.

8. Barr H.J. Regeneration and Natural Selection // American Naturalist, vol.98, 1964, pp. 183-86.

9. . Campbell D- T. Methodological Suggestions from a Comparative Psychology of Knowledge Processes// Inquiry, vol.2, 1959, pp. 152-82; Campbell D.T. Blind Variation and Selective Retention in Creative Thought as in Other Knowledge Processes // Psychological Review, vol.67, 1960, pp. 380-400.

-- , .

10. Ashby W.R. Design for a Brain. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1952. ( 1954 1960 . . . 1960 . - .. . .: , 1962. . . .)

11. , 1-4, Campbell D.T Blind Variation, pp. 380-381 (. . 20).

12. Jennings H.S. The Behavior of the Lower Organisms. New York. Columbia University Press. 1906.

13. Ashby W. R. Design for a Brain (. . 22).

14. Ibid., p. VI (. . 22).

15. Pumphrey R.J. Hearing // Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, IV: Physiological Mechanism in Animal Behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1950, pp. 1-18; Kellogg W.N. Echo- Ranging in the Porpoise // Science, vol.128. 1958. pp.982-88; Griffin O.K. Listening in the Dark. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958.

16. Campbell D.T. Perception as Substitute Trial and Error // Psychological Review, vol.63. 1956, pp. 311 -42.

17. Ibid., pp. 334-335. [17].

18. . Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1948, pp. 460-472, 492 (. .: . : . .: , 1957 .494-508, 525-526), Lorenz . Gestaltwarnehmung als Quelle wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis // Zeilschrift fuer experimenlelle und angewandle Psychologie. Bd.6. 1959, SS. 118-65, . . . Gestalt Perception as Fundamental to Scientific Knowledge // General Systems, vol.7, 1962. pp. 37-56; Campbell D.T. Pattern Matching as Essential in Distal Knowing // The Psychology of Egon Brunswik / Ed. by Hammond K. R. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1966, pp. 81-106.

19. . Baldwin J. . Mental Development in the Child and Race. New York: Macmillan, 1900; Holmes S.J. Studies in Animal Behavior. Boston: Gorham Press, 1916: Ashby W. R. Design for a Brain; Pringle J. W. S. On the Parallel Between Learning and Evolution // Behaviour, vol.3, 1951, pp. 175-215.

20. Campbell D. T. Adaptive Behavior from Random Response // Behavioral Science, vol. 1, 1956, pp. 105-110.

, .. , .., . . : Development and Evolution. New York: Macmillan, 1902, .

33. Popper . Objective Knowledge, pp. 256-80 (. . 14).

21. Kohler W. The Mentality of Apes. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1925. (. .: ʸ . . . . ., 1930.)

22. Mach E. On the Part Played by Accident in Invention and Discovery // Monist, vol.6, 1896. pp. 161-75. (. .: Max . - . . . X . ., 1901. .96-112: . 104. . - . . 3- . . ., 1909, .)

23. Ibid., p. 171 (. . . 107).

24. Ibid., . 174 (. . . II0-III).

25. Poincare H. Mathematical Creation // Poincare . The Foundations of Science. New York: Science Press, 1913, p. 387. (. .: . . .: , 1990, . 313.)

26. Ibid., . 392 (. . c.317-318).

27. Ibid., p. 393 (. . . 319).

28. Ibid., . 394 (. . .320).

29. 1855 . 1- Bain A. The Senses and the Intellect. 3- . New York: Appleton, 1874, pp. 593-95.

30. Jevons S. The Principles of Science. London: Macmillan. 1892. (1st ed.. 1874; 2d ed., 1877; 1892 .) (. .: . . . .. ., . .. , 1887.)

31. Ibid., p. 228 (. . . 218).

32. Ibid., p. 577 (. . . 539).

33. Souriau P. Theorie de l'invention. Paris, Hachette, 1881, p. 17.

34. Ibid., p. 43.

35. Ibid., pp. 114-15.

36. James W. Great Men, Great Thoughts, and the Environment // The Atlantic Monthly, vol.46, 276 (October. 1880), pp. 441-59. . James W. Principles of Psychology. New York: Henry Holt. 1890, vol. II. pp.617-79.

37. Ibid., p. 456.

38. Ibid., p. 457.

39. Poincare H. Mathematical Creation (. . 38).

40. Mach E. Part Played by Accident (. . 35).

41. Campbell D. T. Blind Variation (. . 20).

. I.

. I.

42. Simon . The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1969, p. 5. (. .: . . .: , 1972.)

43. Newell A., Shaw J.C., Simon H. A. Elements of a Theory of Human Problem Solving // Psychological Review, vol.65, 1958, pp. 151-66.

44. Campbell D. T. Blind Variation, pp. 392-95 (. . 20).

45. Newell, Shaw, Simon. Human Problem Solving (. . 58).

46. Hebb DO. On the Nature of Fear // Psychological Review, vol.53, 1946, pp. 259-76.

47. Asch S. E. Social Psychology (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1952) . . Campbell D. . Conformity in Psychology's Theories of Acquired Behavioral Dispositions // Conformity and Deviation / Ed by Berg I. A. and Bass B.M. New York: Harper & Row, 1961, pp. 101-42; Campbell D.T. Social Attitudes and Other Acquired Behavioral Dispositions // Psychology: A Study of a Science, vol. 6: Investigations of Man as Socius / Ed. by Koch S. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963, pp. 94-172; Bandura A. Principles of Behavior Modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.

48. Baldwin J.M. Thought and Things, or Genetic Logic. Vol.1. New York: Macmillan, 1906, p. 169. Popper . R. Realism and the Aim of Science, London & New York, 1983, 1996, sec. 3-V, . . 43.

49. Hinde R.A. (ed.) Bird Vocalizations. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1969. . .

50. Frisch . von. Bees. Their Vision, Chemical Sense, and Language. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1950; Sebeok . (ed.) Animal Communication: Techniques of Study and Results of Research. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1968; Sebeok T.A. and Ramsay A. (eds.) Approaches to Animal Communication. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton & Company, 1969. Gould J. L., Henerey M. and MacLeod M.C. Communication of Direction by the Honey Bee // Science, vol. 169, 1970, pp. 544-54.

51. Campbell D.T. Ostensive Instances and Entitativity in Language Learning // Unity through Diversity / Ed. by Rizzo N. D. New York. Gordon and Breach, 1973. . Gray W. and MacCormac E. R. Ostensive Instances in language Learning // Foundations of Language, vol.7, 1971, pp. 199-210. , , (trial and error of meanings), (slicings) , , [18]. . Quine W.V. Word and Object. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, I960, Quine W.V. Ontological Relativity. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969, pp. 26-39. , , , , , .

52. .: Mead . Continuities in Cultural Evolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964; Campbell D. T. Variation and Selective Retention in Sociocultural Evolution // Social Change in Developing Areas: A Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory / Ed. by Barringer H.R. Blankslen C.I. and Mack R. W. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1965, pp. 19-49. , Great Men, Great Thoughts (. . 49). Rougier L. Traite de la Connaissance. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1955, pp. 426-428. . Auget Pierre ( II).

53. Agassi J. Comment: Theoretical Entities Versus Theories // Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. V / Ed. by Cohen R.S. and Wartofsky M. W. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel, 1969.

. II.

. III.

54. Cannon W.B. The Way of An Investigator. New York: W.W.Norton & Co., 1945; Merlon R. K. Social Theory and Social Structure. Glencoe: Free Press, 1949.

55. Popper K. R. Realism and the Aim of Science, Secs. 3-V and 3-.

56. Toulmin S. E. The Evolutionary Development of Natural Science // American Scientist, vol.55, 1967, pp. 456-71. . Toulmin S. E. Foresight and Understanding: An Inquiry into the Aims of Science. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1961; Toulmin S. E. Neuroscience and Human Understanding // The Neurosciences / Ed. by Schmitt Frank. New York: Rockefeller University Press, 1968; Toulmin S. E. Human Understanding. Vol.1: The Evolution of Collective Understanding. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972. (. .: Cm. . ., 1984.)

57. Toulmin S. E. Foresight and Understanding (. . 73); Kuhn T.S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962. (. .: . . .: , 1977.)

58. Ackermann R. The Philosophy of Science. New York: Pegasus, 1970.

59. Capek M. The Development of Reichenbach's Epistemology // Review of Metaphysics, vol. II, 1957, pp. 42-67; Capek M. La Theorie Biologique de la Connaissance chez Bergson et sa Signification Actuelle // Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale. April-June, 1959, pp. 194-211; Capek M. Ernst Mach's Biological Theory of Knowledge // Synthesc, vol.18, 1968, pp. 171-91, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. V / Ed. by Cohen R. S. and Wanofsky M. W. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel, 1969, pp. 400-21.

60. . , , , (La Theorie Biologique). , , , , . , . : , , , , , , , (Boltzmann L. Populare Schrinen, S. 339 (. II)).

61. James W. Principles of Psychology, p. 617 (. . 49).

62. Simmel G. Uber eine Beziehung der Selectionslehre zur Erkenntnistheorie // Archiv fur systematische Philosophic Bd. I, 1, 1895, SS. 34-45. , . Tennessen . Brief Summary of Georg Simmel's Evolutionary Epistemology. June, 1968 Tennessen H. Georg Simmel's tillemping av selecksjonslaeren pa erkjennelsesteorier // Filosofiske Problemer. Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1955, pp. 23-30. (preliminary) , . (Irene L. Jerison). , , .

63. James W. Principles of Psychology; James W. Great Men, Great Thoughts and the Environment (. . 49).

64. Dewey J. The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1910; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1965, pp. 11-12.

65. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce / Ed. by Hartshorne Ch. and Weiss P. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1931-58, 5.407. ( Collected Papers.) Thompson M. The Pragmatic Philosophy of C. S. Peirce. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953, p. 83, Wiener Ph. P. Evolution and the Founders of Pragmatism. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1949, p.93.

66. Peirce . S. Collected Papers, 2.780.

67. Ashby W. R. Design for a Brain (. . 26).

68. Petite C.S. Collected Papers, 6.33. . 5.436, 6.200, 6.262, 6.606, 6.611.

69. Wiener Ph. P. Founders of Pragmatism, ch.4, pp. 70-96 (. . 82).

70. Ibid., p. 77.

71. Ibid., pp. 87-88.

72. Peirce C.S. Collected Papers, 6.157 ( 1892 .).

73. Wiener Ph. P. Founders of Pragmatism, pp. 94-95 (. . 82); Peirce . S. Collected Papers. 1.348.

74. Baldwin J. M. Thought and Things, a Study of the Development and Meaning of Thought, or Genetic Logic. Vol. I: Functional Logic or Genetic Theory of Knowledge; Vol. II: Experimental Logic or Genetic Theory of Thought; Vol. Ill: Genetic Epistemology. London: Swan Sonnenschein (Muirhead's Library of Philosophy); New York: Macmillan, 1906. 1908, 1911. - , , .

75. Baldwin J. M. Darwin and the Humanities. Baltimore: Review Publishing Co., 1909; London: Allen & Unwin, 1910.

76. Dewey J. Influence of Darwin on Philosophy. New York, 1910, 1965 (. . 81).

77. Baldwin J.M. Darwin and Humanities, 1909, 1910, p. VIII (. . 92).

78. Ibid., p. IX.

79. Ibid., pp. 32-33.

80. Ibid, pp. 68-73.

CAR, pp.47-48 (, .261-263].

81. Hoffding H. A History of Modern Philosophy, Vol. II. London: Macmillan, 1900; New York: Dover, 1955. pp. 475-76.

82. Ibid., pp. 457-58.

83. Wallraff C.F. Philosophical Theory and Psychological Fact. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1961, pp. 10-11.

84. Ibid, p. 11; Lange F.A. The History of Materialism. Vol. 2. New York: Humanities Press, 1950, p. 193 ( , 1890 .).

85. Lange F.A. History of Materialism, p. 211 (. . 102).

86. Capek N. Ernst Mach's Biological Theory of Knowledge (. . 76).

87. Baldwin J.M. Development und Evolution. New York: Macmillan. 1902, p. 309. . Baldwin J.M. Mental Development. Macmillan, 1900; Baldwin J.M. Darwin and the Humanities. Baltimore, 1909 (. . 97).

88. , James W. Pragmatism. New York: Longmans-Green, 1907, pp.170, 182, 193 (. . () . // () . . .: , 1997, . 207-324). . Rougier L. Traite de la Connaissance. Paris, 1955 (. . 67). a priori Wartofsky Marx. Metaphysics as Heuristic for Science // Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. Ill / Ed. by Cohen R.S. am Wartofsky M.W. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel, 1968, pp. 123-172 (. . // / . . . . . .: , 1978, . 43-110).

89. Wright W.K. The Genesis of the Categories // The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific: Methods, vol. 10, 1913, pp. 645-57, . . 646.

90. Child A. On the Theory of the Categories // Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 7, 1946, pp. 316-35.

91. Ibid., p. 320.

. IV.

92. Waddington C.H. Evolution and Epistemology, 1954 (. IV).

93. Lorenz . Kants Lehre vom apriorischen im Lichte gegenwartiger Biologic // Blatter fur Deutsche Philosophie, Bd. 15, 1941, SS. 94-125; : General Systems, vol. VII / Ed. by Bertalanffy L. von and Rapoport A. Ann Arbor, Society for General Systems Research, 1962, pp. 23-35 (. IV).

94. C&R, p. 48 ( . 98). . : Capek M. The Development of Reichenbach's Epistemology, 1957 (. . 76).

95. Lorenz . Kants Lehre vom apriorischen, SS. 103-4, . pp.26-27 (. . 112).

96. Ibid., SS. 98-99, . . . 25.

, . Darwin and the Humanities (pp. 68-73; . . 92) , , .

97. Simmel G. Uber eine Beziehung der Selectionslehre zur Erkcnntnistheorie, 1895 (. . 79).

98. Bertalanffy L. von. An Essay on the Relativity of Categorie // Philosophy of Science, vol.22, 1955, pp. 243-63 (. IV).

99. Lovejoy .. The Revolt Against Dualism. La Salle, Ill., Open Court, 1930; Koler W. The Place of Value in a World of Facts. New York: Liveright, 1938.

100. Popper K. R. Epistemology without a Knowing Subject // Logic, Melhodology and Philosophy of Sciences, vol.111 / Ed. by Rootselaar B. van and Slaal J. E. Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1968, pp. 333-73: Popper K. R. On the Theory of the Objective Mind // Akten des XIV internationalen Kongresses fur Philosophie. Bd. 1. Vienna, 1968, pp. 25-53. Popper . Objective Knowledge Oxford. 1972. pp. 106-52. 153-90 (. . 14). (. . : . . 439-495.)

101. Pelrie H.G. The Logical Effects of Theory on Observational Categories and Methodology (Duplicated). Northwestern University, June 20, 1969.

102. Campbell D. T. Methodological Suggestions from a Comparative Psychology of Knowledge Processes // Inquiry, vol.2, 1959, p. 157; Campbell . . A Phenomenology of the Other One: Corrigible. Hypothetical, and Critical // Human Action / Ed. by Mischel T. New York: Academic Press, 1969, pp. 41-69.

103. Lorenz A. Kants Lehre vom apriorischen (. IV).





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