.


:




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1. : , , .

2. , .

3. G = (X, U), |X| = 9, |U| = 24 , .

4. .

5. K15 .

6. .

7. .

8. G = (X, U), ½X½=6; ½U½=10. GS.

9. .

10. .

 

. , : , . X = { x 1, x 2, , x n } . , (xi, xj) Î X, U = { u 1, u 2, , u m }.


, ,

G = (X, U) S = (x 0, x 1), (x 1, x 2), , (xl -1, xl), x 0, xl ─ ─ . , G . S . q R G q - .

, R G (. 15.23):

  1 2 3 4  
1 0 1 1 0

.

R = 2 1 0 0 1
3 1 0 0 1
4 0 1 1 0

 

. 15.23. G

:

r 2 i,j = r1,i * rj ,1 + r 2, i * rj ,2 +... + rn , i * rj , n. (1.4)

, , r 211 R2 :

r 2 1, 1 = a 11 b 11 + a 12 b 21 + a 13 b 31 + a 14 b 41 = 0 + 1*1 + 1*1 + 0 = 2.

, , r 23,3 = r 1,3 r 3,1 + r 2,3 r 3,2 + r 3,3 r 3,3 + r 4,3 r 3,4 = 1*1 + 0*0 + 0*0 + 1*1 = 2.

  1 2 3 4  
1 2 0 0 2

.

R2 = 2 0 2 2 0
3 0 2 2 0
4 2 0 0 2

ri , j R2 2, xi xj. , r 3,2 = 2 , x 3 x 2 2: S1 = (x 3, x 1), (x 1, x 2); S2 = (x 3, x 4), (x 4, x 2).

.

, , . , x 0 = xl, . , , , , . G (. . 15.14, a):

S1 = (x 1, x 2), (x 2, x 3), (x 3, x 6), (x 6, x 2), (x 2, x 4) ─ ,

S2 = (x 1, x 2), (x 2, x 3), (x 3, x 6), (x 6, x 2) ─ ,

S3 = (x 6, x 2), (x 2, x 4), (x 4, x 1), (x 1, x 2), (x 2, x 3), (x 3, x 6) ─ ,

S4 = (x 1, x 2), (x 2, x 3), (x 3, x 7), (x 7, x 6) ─ ,

S5 = (x 1, x 2), (x 2, x 3), (x 3, x 7), (x 7, x 6), (x 6, x 5), (x 5, x 4), (x 4, x 1) ─ .

3 .

2 . n Cn (. 15.24, ).

. 15.24 (), - ()

1 n-1 (n ³ 3) n Wn. . 15.24, W6.

xi, xj Î X , S, xi, xj. G , . G , G1, G2, , G l . , G xi ; xi c xj, xj c xi; xi c xj, xj c xk, xi c xk (xi, xj, xk Î X).

, . G = (X, U), , G i, . , G ( ). , , . 15.14, , . 15.25 G1 ─ G4, .. . , . , , .

. 15.25.

,

n 1 £ m £ n (n 1)/2. (1.5)

15.1. G (. . 10) n k . m

n k £ m £ (n - k)(n - k + 1)/2. (1.6)

15.1. n (n 1)(n 2)/2 .

, , . G = (X, U) 2 X X, X, X Ì X, X = X \ X, X È X = X, U Ì U, X, X, G. G = (X, U\U), G , , , , . U Ì U, G = (X, U \ U) UÌU, , G = (X, U \ U), , . , G . . . 15.26, G = (X, U). .

. 15.26. () ()

: U1 = {(x 3, x 6), (x 4, x 6), (x 4, x 7)}, U2 = {(x 4, x 10), (x 5, x 10)}, U3 = {(x 5, x 12)}, U4 = {(x 5, x 15)}, U = U1 È U2 È U3 È U4. , . G U = U U = Æ. ui Î U, ui .

, . , G . 15.26, 3 .

─ , , . ─ . G ─ , . , . 15.27 G, x 5 x 6, G 4 (. 15.28).

B(G) ─ , ─ , .

H = H(G) G , . H(G) . 1.

. 15.27. G . 15.28. G

l = l(G) , .

:

H(G) £ l(G) £ r min (G), (15.7)

r min (G) ─ .

G n-, H(G) ³ n n-, l(G) ³ n.

15.2 (). G n-, n ³ 2, , n G, .

15.3. 3 ─ , , :

1) ;

2) V r (V), , V, V, , V, V, V , r (V) ³ 3 r (V) ³ 3.

1. G, . 15.23. 3 .

: G:

.

, 2, .

r 2 ij = aik bki,

r 2 ij ─ R2.

, , , :

.

, 3 , R2 R. ,

r 31,2 = r 1,1 r 21,2 + r 1,2 r 22,2 + r 1,3 r 23,2 + r 1,4 r 24,2 = 0*0 + 1*2 + 2*3 + 0*0 = 4.

, :

.

R3 , , , x 1 x 2, 4 3: S1 = (x 1, x 2)(x 2, x 1)(x 1, x 2); S2 = (x 1, x 2)(x 2, x 4)(x 4, x 2); S3 = (x 1, x 3)(x 3, x 1)(x 1, x 2); S4 = (x 1, x 3)(x 3, x 4)(x 4, x 2).

2. , . 15.29, , , , .

. 15.29. G

: , . : S = (x 1, x 2), (x 2, x 6), (x 6x 2), (x 2x 7), (x 7x 6), (x 6x 2). , . , S = (x 1, x 2), (x 2, x 4), (x 4, x 6), (x 6, x 2), (x 2, x 7) . , . . , . C = (x 1, x 5), (x 5, x 3), (x 3, x 1), (x 1, x 8), (x 8, x 5), (x 5, x 1) . , , . () , . S = (x 1, x 2), (x 2, x 4), (x 4, x 6), (x 6, x 8), (x 8, x 3); C = (x 1, x 5), (x 5, x 3), (x 3, x 1).

3. , . 15.30 , .

: : U1 = {(x 3, x 6), (x 4, x 6), (x 4, x 7); U2 = {(x 4, x 10), (x 5, x 10)}; U3 = {(x 5, x 12)}; U4 = {(x 5, x 15)}. U : U = U1 È U2 È U3 È U4.

. 15.30. G

 

1. ?

2. ?

3. . ?

4. , , .

5. ?

6. ?

7. ?

8. , . .

9. . .

10. . .





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