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()




. , . . , :

smoking -

understanding

, , .

  Active Passive
Indefinite Perfect reading having read being read having been read

 

not, :

for coming in time ,

for not coming in time - ,

, , , , .

Indefinite - , -:

I am surprise at hearing it. .
We think of going there in the summer. .

Perfect , , :

I dont remember having seen him before. , .

 

I. .

1. Understanding of.the composition of foods had to wait for several discoveries in chemistry.

2. The engineers spoke about using a new press.

3. I insist on being given the opportunity of continuing of our work.

4. Arabia is believed to be the birth-place of cheese-making.

5. In making edible foods from cereals various methods for grinding the grain, for making the dough and for baking have been in use from the earliest times.

6. We cant make good bread without knowing the properties of all the ingredients.

7. Practically no macaroni goods are produced now without being enriched.

 

II. .

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. , .

5. .

6. , .

 

.

1. Placing foods in brines of certain concentration promotes fermentation.

2. This method of butter-making continues being used in some plants.

3. Fermentation did not prevent man from taking practical advantages of this product.

4. Foods are often complex substances capable of meeting different body needs.

5. Refrigeration is widely used as a mean of preserving perishable foods.

6. Certain chemicals help to preserve food by retarding or preventing the growth of microorganisms.

B

I. , .

the Bible ['baibl], Kosher food ['kquSq], Jew [GH], Jewish ['GHiS], Talmud ['txlmud], gelatine ['GelqtJn], Islamic [iz'lxmik], Muslim ['muzlim], Hindu ['hindH], Buddhist ['budist]

 

II. , , .

to believe () belief, faith; to forbid () forbidden; Jesus Christ ['GJzqs kraist] Christians; to teach () teaching; to create [kri'eit] () creator [kri'eitq] creature ['krJCq]

 

III. .

TEXT B. RELIGIOUS GROUPS

Religious beliefs are important to many people, and some religions have rules about what should and should not be eaten. These include:

The Jewish faith

Jewish food customs and dietary laws are set out in the Bible. Foods that fulfill the requirements of the laws are called Kosher foods. Jews who observe these laws may eat only clean birds (these are listed in a collection of writings called the Talmud): only meat from cud-chewing, cloven-footed animals, i.e. beef, venison, and lamb; and only fish with scales and fins.

Forbidden foods, which must not be eaten, include shellfish, (crab, lobster), pork, bacon, ham, eels, eggs with bloodspots, and gelatine.

Some Jews will not eat milk and meat together, and may have separate cooking utensils for these.

The Christian faith

Christians remember and celebrate the life and teaching of Jesus Christ in a number of festivals. Jesus is also remembered in the celebration of Holy Communion, when bread (symbolizing his body), and wine (symbolizing his blood) are taken.

The Islamic faith

Muslims follow the religious teachings of Islam, and are not allowed to eat food from pigs. Other meat must be slaughtered by a special ritual, known as Halal. Muslims are not allowed to drink alcohol.

The Hindu faith

Hindus are not allowed to kill cows as they are considered sacred, but they do eat milk and milk products. Strict Hindus are vegetarians and do not eat meat, fish, or eggs.

The Buddhist faith

Buddhists follow five rules for everyday life. The first instructs them to be sympathetic and helpful to all things that have life, and to be careful not to harm or kill any living creatures. As a result, many Buddhists are vegetarians.

 

Jewish ['Gu:iS] , 頠
faith ['feiT]
custom
to set out
to fulfill
requirement
cud-chewing animal
cloven-footed ['klquvqn]
beef
venison ['venisqn]
lamb [lxm] ,
scales
fin ()
to forbid-forbade forbidden
shellfish
lobster
pork
eels [i:lz]
utensils [ju'tensils]
Holy Communion
to allow [ə′lau]
pig
sacred ['seikrid]
sympathetic
harm
living creatures [′kri:Cəz]

IV. .

1. List main types of religious groups.

2. Where are main dietary laws set?

3. Briefly describe their food customs.





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