Present Continuous , . Present Indefinite , .
The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
Present Continuous , Present Indefinite .
Im living with some friends until I find a flat.
My friends live in London.
Present Continuous :
to like, to love, to hate
to know, to realise, to mean, to believe,
to understand, to remember
to belong, to contain, to depend, to seem, to consist
to see, to hear, to smell, to taste
Present Indefinite.
I. .
1. Lets go and see. He ... (to continue) his experiment now.
2. By working the way you .. (to work) now you can hardly get an excellent result.
3. Hurry up! Everybody . (to wait) for you.
4. We usually .. (to carry out) a lot of experiments but this month we ..... (not / to carry out) any.
5. Ron is in the laboratory at the moment. He .. (to observe) the test. He.... (always / to observe) the experiments.
6. Dont put the article away. I .. (to need) it.
7. She told me her assistants name but I .... (not / to remember) it now.
8. Air ... (to consist) mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.
9. Nobody (to know) that they work with the new equipment.
10. I (to see) that the pressure (to increase).
II. .
1. The engineer is changing the resistance very quickly.
...
...
2. They are increasing the pressure up to 4 atms.
...
...
3. He has a lot of new reliable equipment.
...
...
4. He measures the resistance of the conductor every 2 hours.
...
...
5 Our plant produces cars.
...
...
H
I. ,
.
carbon ['kRbqn], hydrogen ['haidrqGqn], oxygen ['OksiGqn], protein ['prqutin], carbohydrate ["kRbq'haidreit], essential [i'senSql], calcium ['kxlsiqm], iron ['aiqn], phosphorus ['fOsfqrqs], potassium [pq'txsiqm], sulphur ['sAlfq], chlorine ['klOrin], sodium ['squdiqm], magnesium [mxg'niziqm], iodine ['aiqdJn], copper ['kOpq], manganese ['mxNgqnJz], fluorine ['fluqrin], cobalt ['kqubOlt], nickel ['nikl], zinc [zink], chromium ['krqumiqm], selenium [si'lJniqm], haemoglobin [ ֽ "hJmqu'glqubin], colour ['kAlq], cocoa ['kqukqu]
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II. , , .
strong () to strengthen; clot () to clot; to live () life, lives; to exist [ig'zist] () existing; to continue () continual, continually; to be sure ( ) to ensure; day () daily; to be tired () tiredness; weak () weakness
III. .
TEXT H. MINERALS
Apart from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (the main elements that make up protein, fat, and carbohydrate), the body requires at least 20 other elements. These are called mineral elements and they are required for body building, control of body processes, e.g. transmission of nerve impulses. They are essential part of body liquid.
Some mineral elements are required in relatively large amounts. These include: calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg).
Others are required in the smallest amounts and are known as trace elements: iodine (I), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), fluorine (F), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), selenium (Se).
Calcium. With phosphorus, it combines to make calcium phosphate, to strengthen bones and teeth and to make blood to clot after an injury. Calcium is found in good supply in milk, cheese, bones of canned fish, hard water. Humans have a constant need for calcium throughout their lives. While new bone is made, existing bone is taken away, so that in young children the whole skeleton is replaced over 2 years. In adults, the process takes between 7 and 10 years. Around the age of 30, calcium starts to be lost and is not replaced. Finally, the continual loss of bone mass can lead to osteoporosis, which means that the bones become weak, and break easily.
Iron. Iron is a component of haemoglobin the substance which gives red blood cells their colour. Haemoglobin is required to transport oxygen around the body to every cell, for the production of energy. Good sources of iron are liver, kidney, beef, cocoa, chocolate. To ensure that iron is properly absorbed, foods containing iron should be eaten with foods containing vitamin C. Red blood cells die after six weeks, and must be replaced. This process is continually occurring in the body, and iron must be replaced by a daily food supply. Because of the deficiency of iron, haemoglobin is not made properly, so not enough oxygen is carried around the body. This leads to tiredness, weakness, and a pale complexion. In severe cases it leads to anemia.
IV. .
1. List five mineral elements needed in large amounts, and five trace elements.
2. List the functions and main sources of calcium and iron.
3. What is the function of haemoglobin, and which mineral element is connected with it?
4. Why do people recovering from injuries require extra iron?
5. What does a deficiency of calcium and iron lead to?
| apart from | |
| transmission | , |
| liquid | |
| relatively | |
| trace | |
| to clot | |
| injury [΄inGqri] | |
| throughout [Tru'aut] | , |
| hard water | |
| while | |
| to lose-lost-lost | |
| adult [q'dAlt] | |
| to lead-led-led | |
| properly | |
| to carry | |
| pale | |
| complexion | |
| severe [si'viq] |
Past Continuous Tense
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Past Continuous , . .
was / were + Ving
We were discussing this question at 5 oclock yesterday.
When I came home he was listening to the radio.
I. .
1. Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking dinner.
...
2. The doorbell rang when I was cutting onion.
3. This time yesterday we were pickling cucumbers.
4. They saw a lot of beautiful butterflies while they were gathering herbs.
5. At 7.45 yesterday evening I was watching a performance of a famous French cook.
II. .
1. Yesterday while the professor (to check) the results of the first experiment, they (to carry out) the second.
2. When they came in, he ..... (to solve) the equation with two unknown quantities.
3. He . (to speak) in a low voice and we could hardly hear his report.
4. At that time our mathematicians . (to multiply) 8.3 by 7 and then (to subtract) their sum.
5. She stood at the blackboard and ... (to plot) the graph.
I
I. ,
.
phosphorus ['fOsfqrqs], calcium ['kxlsiqm], function ['fAnNkSqn], sodium ['squdiqm], chloride ['klLraid], potassium [pq'txsiqm], stomach ['stAmqk], climate ['klaimqt], diet ['daiqt], heart [hRt], disease [di'zJz], pressure ['preSq], fluoride ['fluq"raid], bacteria [bxk'tiqriq], mouth [mauT], tea [tJ], sea [sJ], iodine ['aiqdJn], hormone ['hLmqun], thyroxine [Tai'rOksin], thyroid gland ['TairOid glxnd], spinach ['spiniC], commercially [kq'mWSqli]
II. , , .
some () the same; present ['prezqnt] (, ) to present [pri'zent]; height [hait] () high [hai]; strong () to strengthen, strengthening; to treat () treatment
III. .
TEXT I. MINERALS
Phosphorus. Phosphorus works in link with calcium and therefore has the same functions. Phosphorus is present in all plant and animal food, but meat and egg yolk are especially high in phosphorus.
Sodium, chloride, and potassium. These are all required to maintain the correct concentration of the body fluids. Chloride is also required for the production of acid in the gastric juice of the stomach. These minerals are found naturally in fish, meat, and many other foods. They are also added as salt to foods. Sodium and chloride are especially necessary in hot climates where they are lost in sweat. It is sometimes necessary to place a person on a salt-restricted diet, for certain medical conditions, e.g. heart, kidney, or liver disease, high blood pressure.
Fluoride. Fluoride is important in strengthening teeth against decay, making them more resistant to attack by the acid produced by bacteria in the mouth. Fluoride is found naturally in tea, sea-water fish. In areas of the country where fluoride occurs naturally in the water supply, the number of people who need treatment for tooth decay is significantly lower than in other areas.
Iodine. Iodine is required to make the hormone thyroxine, which is produced by the thyroid gland in the neck. Iodine is widely distributed in foods, but is found in good supply in sea foods, milk, green vegetables, especially spinach, iodized salt (added commercially). A minute quantity is required every day, and in our whole life 2.8 g are needed by the body. Iodine deficiency can cause goiter.
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IV. .
1. List the functions and main sources of phosphorus, sodium, chloride, potassium, fluoride and iodine.
2. Why is it necessary to take salt tablets in hot climates?
3. What is the result of a deficiency of these minerals?
| therefore ['DFqfL] | , |
| egg yolk [jquk] | |
| especially[is'pqSqli] | |
| to maintain | |
| fluid | |
| gastric juice | |
| to add | |
| hot | |
| sweat [swet] | |
| to restrict | |
| decay [di'kei] | , |
| to resist / resistant | / |
| to occur [q'kW] | / |
| significantly | |
| neck | |
| to distribute | () |
| other ['ADq] | |
| minute [mai'njut] | |
| whole [hqul] | , |
| goiter ['gOitq] |
