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to

to:

a) , ought to, have to, to be to.

Models:

She can speak French. -.
May I use your dictionary? ?
You must see the film if you get a chance. , .

b) : to hear, to see, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice, etc. .

Model:

I saw him put the key in the lock, turn it and open the door. , , .

c) to let.

Models:

Please let me show you the way. , .
Lets go to the cinema tonight. .

d) to make ( ); to have , .

Model:

They made me repeat the story. .

e) had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but.

Models:

I would rather not speak about it. .
Youd better not go near the edge f a cliff. .

f) why.

Model:

Why not cook fish tonight? ?

g) to help ( to).

Model:

I helped Bentley (to) sit up. .

Exercise 1. Use the Infinitives with or without the participle to.

1. I helped him (to find) his things. 2. He made me (to do) all the work again. 3. My neighbour let me (to borrow) his own car. 4. When I was a child I was made (to go) to the doctor whenever I felt ill. 5. I cant (to think) what made him (to do) such a thing. 6. I felt the insect (to crawl up) my arm. 7. Lets (to watch) the boys (to dive). 8. She heard him (to open) the door. 9. Youd better (to try) not (to think) about it. 10. I asked him if he was willing (to help) me (to do) the job. 11. Why not (to allow) her (to do) as she likes? 12. Why not (to let) her (to do) as she likes? 13. They were seen (to come) to the corner.

Exercise 2. Ask your friend if he/she is sure somebody did it. Use appropriate verbs of sense perception.

Model: The students sang a song Are you sure the students sang that song? Yes, I heard them sing that song.

1. Peter booked the tickets. 2. Mrs. White accepted the invitation. 3. The driver apologized. 4. The official explained how to fill in the form. 5. George wound the clock. 6. Larry switched off the light. 7. Mary turned off the water. 8. Tom invited his neighbors to the party. 9. Jane locked the door. 10. Salty warned Mike of the danger.

Exercise 3. Speak about Peters behavior. Say that you think that this is partly his parents fault that he is so troublesome.

Model: to shout at his sister Peter shouts at his sister. But why do you let him shout at his sister?

To fight with the neighbours children, to upset everyone, to answer back, to disobey his teachers, to break the furniture, to miss school every Monday, to watch TV all Saturday, to stay in bed all Sunday, to put his elbows on the table, to talk with his mouth full, to use awful language, to kick his brother.

Exercise 4. Say what your parents made you do when you were a child.

Model: to air the room just before going to bed My parents made me air the room just before going to bed.

To get dressed as soon as I got up in the morning, to wash my hands before I ate my meals, to clean my teeth after I had eaten my meals, to accompany them to the park on Sunday mornings, to apologize if I was rude to someone, to write a thank you letter when I was given presents, to tidy up my room if it was untidy, to go to the doctor whenever I felt ill, to work harder if my work at school was bad.

Exercise 5. Respond to the statements by giving advice or making recommendation.

Model: Ive got a toothache (to go to the dentist). - Youd better go to the dentist.

1. Sam is terribly overweight (to go on a diet). 2. Our train leaves in a few minutes (to take your seats). 3. The rain is coming through the roof (to get a builder to look at it tomorrow). 4. Were spending our holidays in Bulgaria next summer (to start learning some Bulgarian). 5. Im feeling ill (to see a doctor if youre still feeling ill tomorrow). 6.I dont understand todays grammar (to ask the teacher to explain the rule once again). 7. Jim and Ada cant dance. They feel out of place at discotheques (to take dance lessons).

Exercise 6. Invite your friend to do something.

Model: to walk to the hostel (to wait for a bus) Lets walk to the hostel. Or would you rather wait for a bus? Id rather walk to the hostel.

To ring the dentist today (to put it off till tomorrow), to go to the party as we are (to change into evening dress), to stay with my aunts (to stay in hotel), to finish it tonight (to leave it till tomorrow), to stay at home next weekend (to go hiking), to go to Moscow by train (to go there by plane), to mend our old TV set (to buy a new one), to fix the iron ourselves (to send for an electrician), to wash the sheets at home (to take them to the launderette), to do our own typing (to employ a secretary), to tune the piano ourselves (to get a piano tuner), to do exercise 12 in writing (to do it orally), to read dialogue 11 (to listen to the recording first).

Exercise 7. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. . 2. . 3. , . 4. ? 5. ? 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. , .11. . . 12. . . 13. . ? 14. ? . 15. . . 16. , . 17. . . 18. ? . . 19. , . 20. . .

 

(Subject)

, ? , . .

Model:

To watch directly ice crystals of wet cells has been impossible. . .  

it.

 

Models:

To obey the laws is everyones duty (formal). .
It is everyones duty to obey the laws (informal). .

:

Its always easy to Its wise of him to
It was hard to It does people a lot of good to
Its so important to It wont do you any harm to
It gives him pleasure to It has become his habit to
Its dangerous to Its natural to

Exercise 1. Make sentences by using the infinitives as subjects after: it is important (fun, easy, dangerous, difficult, interesting, boring, relaxing, hard, wrong). Translate the sentences.

Model: to have good friends It is important to have good friends.

To play tennis, to learn how to cook, to walk alone at night in the forest, to learn a foreign language, to be polite to other people, to learn about other cultures, to eat nutritious food, to ride a bicycle, to have a cold, to meet new people, to spend the whole weekend at home, to make friends, to cheat during a test.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

Model: Which is more fun: to study at the library or to go to the zoo?

I think its more fun to study at the library than to go to the zoo.

1. Which is easier: to make money or to spend money? 2. Which is more difficult: to write English or to read English. 3. Which is easier: to read English or to speak English? 4. Which is more expensive: to go to a movie or to go to a concert? 5. Which is more comfortable: to wear shoes or to go barefoot? 6. Which is more interesting: to talk to people or to watch people? 7. Which is more satisfying: to give gifts or to receive them? 8. Which is more dangerous: to ride in a car or to ride in an airplane? 9. Which is more important: to come to class on time or to get an extra hour of sleep in the morning? 10. Which is better: to lend or to borrow?

Exercise 3. Translate these sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Infinitive.

1. To prevent the spreading of this destructive disease is our main task now. 2. To dissolve this substance is not an easy matter. 3. To know how a plant grows is very interesting. 4. To solve this problem is very important in order to get higher yields. 5. To observe in detail the intracellular structure of most microorganisms with the light microscope is very difficult. 6. To perform the reverse experiment, removing the thoracic gland, is more difficult. 7. To avoid excessive multiplication of families and genera is a matter of convenience.

Exercise 4. Translate from Russian into English. Follow the above-mentioned models.

1. . 2. . 3. . 4. 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. . 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. ? 16. . 17. . 18. . 19. , .

 



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