Обстоятельство ( Adverbial Modifier )

Герундий в функции обстоятельства употребляется со следующими предлогами: on (upon) по, после; after после; before перед; in при, в то время как; for за; through из-за; owing to благодаря, из-за; by путем, при помощи; besides кроме; instead of вместо; without без; apart from помимо; for the purpose of, with the object of, with a view to с целью, для того, чтобы; without без; in case of, in the event of в случае, если; subject to при условии.

Models:

On finding a new solution of the problem he continued his experiment.	Найдя новое решение проблемы, он продолжил эксперимент.
In heating the mixture they succeeded in obtaining desired solution.	При нагревании смеси им удалось получить желаемый раствор.

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. This effect can be eliminated by heating the substance. 2. Substances increasing the rate of chemical change without entering into the reaction are known as catalysts. 3. On using the thermometer we realized that the temperature of the soil was increasing. 4. Upon cooling the water vapour condenses. 5. Moisture was conserved in case of preventing the capillary rise of water in the soil. 6. The plant was studied in Botkin’s laboratory with a view to introducing it into clinical medicine. 7. Instead of using a variety of new methods they applied an old one. 8. Quite a few animals reproduce vegetatively by budding. 9. We got many various samples owing to drying leaves and herbs. 10. Difficulties are often met with in solving scientific problems. 11. Some problems were accounted for after having changed the experimental conditions.

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences into English. Follow the models given above.

1. Попрощавшись, он ушел из комнаты. 2. Перед отъездом в Москву я зашел к брату. 3. Извините, что я так опоздал. 4. Он простудился из-за того, что промочил ноги. 5. Он добрался до вокзала, спрашивая прохожих. 6. Он нашел мой телефон, посмотрев в телефонной книге. 7. Кроме того, что он умен, он очень трудолюбив. 8. Вместо того, чтобы написать письмо, он позвонил. 9. Он вышел из комнаты, не ожидая ответа. 10. Он дал эти инструкции для того, чтобы ускорить эксперимент. 11. Экологи приняли участие в Конгрессе для того, чтобы обсудить проблемы загрязнения воздуха. 12. Вы никогда не будете хорошо говорить по-английски, если не изучите грамматику. 13. Это предложение сделано при условии получения вашего подтверждения.

 

ОБЗОРНЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ (REVIEW EXERCISES)

Exercise 1. Change the verbs in brackets into Gerund and supply an appropriate preposition.

1. I have no intention … (to stay) here any longer. 2. She insisted … (to help) me. 3. Are you fond … (to play) chess? 4. He has had very much experience … (to teach). 5. There is no possibility … (to find) his address. 6. There is little chance … (to see) her today. 7. We have the pleasure … (to send) you our catalogues. 8. I think … (to go) to the south in summer. 9. He is afraid … (to catch) cold. 10. I am proud … (to have) such a friend. 11. The rain prevented me … (to come) in time. 12. He is engaged … (to write) a book. 13. They had much difficulty … (to find) the house.

Exercise 2. Use the Gerund in the active or passive form.

1. I prefer (drive) to (drive). 2. Stop (argue) and start (work). 3. She seemed sorry for (be) rude to me. 4. I don’t feel like (work); what about (go) to a disco instead? 5. I like neither (read) nor (read) aloud to. 6. Why do you avoid (see) me? 7. I suggest (hold) meeting next week. 8. He showed no sign of (know) them. 9. I was annoyed at (interrupt) every other moment. 10. She dreams of (invite) to the party. 11. On (introduce) they easily fell to (talk). 12. He hates (remind) people of their duties or (remind) of his. 13. You’d better consult the lawyer before (decide) to buy the property. 14. She was so eagerly looking forward to (give) the leading part to play that she was greatly disappointed at not even (offer) it. 15. She reproached me for not (keep) my promise. 16. After (talk) for ten minutes I succeeded in (convince) him that there was no danger.

Exercise 3. Transform these sentences according to the model (or replace the subordinate clauses by Gerunds).

Model: When I received the telegram, I started home at once.

On receiving the telegram, I started home at once.

1. You may avoid many mistakes if you observe these rules. 2. When he entered the room, he greeted everyone. 3. After they had sat there a few minutes, they continued their journey. 4. While he was copying the text, he made a few mistakes. 5. I am thankful that I have been stopped in time. 6. I remember that I have read this book. 7. He is proud that he has never been beaten at chess by his fellow students. 8. You can improve you knowledge of English if you read more.

Exercise 4. State the form and the function of the Gerund. Translate the sentences.

1. Have you got the means of helping him now? 2. He did not like being read to. 3. Be careful in crossing the street.4. He prevented the letter from being sent off. 5. She was disappointed at not seeing them there again.6. Swimming against the current was difficult and dangerous work. 7. What is worth doing at all is worth doing well. 8. He enjoyed sleeping in the open air. 9. I dislike borrowing things from people.

ГЕРУНДИАЛЬНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ (GERUNDIAL CONSTRUCTIONS)

Герундиальные обороты бывают 2 типов и употребляются после следующих предлогов:

on account of – из -за	instead of – вместо
apart from = aside from – кроме, помимо	in spite of – несмотря на
in addition to – кроме, вдобавок	owing to = thanks to – благодаря
besides – кроме	save – кроме, за исключением,
because of = due to – из -за, вследствие	through – благодаря, из-за
except (except for) – кроме, за исключением	with the object to = with the view to – с целью

A. Герундиальные обороты состоят из герундия и предшествующего ему существительного (в общем или притяжательном падеже), или притяжательного местоимения, или личного местоимения в объектном падеже. Такие герундиальные обороты переводятся придаточным предложением, где герундий является сказуемым, а существительное или местоимение - подлежащим.

Models:

Thestudent’s knowing French well helped him in learning English.	То, что студент хорошо знал французский язык, помогло ему при изучении английского языка.
There was no hope of his passing the exam.	Не было надежды, что он сдаст экзамен.

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.

1. We objected to this student taking part in the conference. 2. He insisted on me signing the contract immediately. 3. He insisted on my returning soon. 4. On the lecturer’s appearing in the hall, everybody stood up. 5. There was a probability of Petrov’s being sent to Moscow. 6. She wrote the letter to him without my knowing it. 7. There is no excuse for his doing such a thing. 8. Their leaving before the end of the concert attracted attention. 9. They objected to the experiments being conducted in our laboratory. 10. They informed us of the discussion having already been summarized. 11. We have heard of the agreement having been reached. 12. The loss of heat resulted from oxygen being prevented from releasing in this reaction. 13. In the event of more than one agreement being signed, each agreement is to be considered a separate contract. 14. We know of some animals’ obtaining protection because of their appearance. 15. They heard about desert animals being usually sandy in colour and about Arctic animals being white in winter. 16. The dean insists upon the report being sent without delay. 17. The accuracy of the definition depends on the terms being carefully formulated. 18. In diploid organisms meiosis resulted in the chromosomes having been reduced to the haploid number. 19. Rutin attracted much interest owing to its decreasing the fragility of blood capillaries. 20. The basidia are produced in closed hymenium cavity but instead of the latter being exposed to the air at time of spore formation it remains closed until after the spores have been produced.

B. Действие или состояние, выраженное герундием может не иметь своего субъекта. В этом случае перед герундием нет ни существительного, ни местоимения. Тогда субъектом герундиального оборота обычно бывает подлежащее английского предложения, реже – дополнение.

Models:

Apart from being used in chemistry this compound is applied in biology.	Помимо того, что это соединениеиспользуется в химии, оно приме-няется и в биологии.
Besides being interested in heredity geneticists are eager to know how genes came into existence.	Кроме того, что генетики интересуются наследственностью, они еще хотят знать, как появились гены.

Exercise 2. Translate into Russian.

1. Apart from preventing aeration this process would probably also prevent the normal growth of the trees. 2. Upon being excited, muscles contract to produce movements. 3. In spite of being engaged in research work the professor found enough time to lecture. 4. In addition to providing an objective, permanent record of pulsations, this simple instrument permits the determination of blood pressure. 5. In addition to carrying out coupled oxidation, such particulate preparations can completely oxidize fatty acids. 6. Instead of being produced internally the spores are extruded externally from the fructification. 7. Besides providing much permanent pigmentation in plans anthocyanins also appear in young leaves in response to environmental changes. 8. Lymph differs from blood in containing no red blood corpuscles. 9. The golgi material resembles the chondriosomes in being apportioned with various degrees of regularity between daughter cells at the time of cell division.

ОБЗОРНЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ (REVIEW EXERCISES)

Exercise 1. Practise Gerund by translating some sentences.

1. Вирусы подавляют другие клетки, вставляя свои аминокислоты в клетку хозяина, чтобы управлять производством еще большего количества вирусов путем использования клеточной структуры хозяина. 2. Вирусы – паразиты; они не способны размножаться, не заселив другие клетки. 3. Вмешиваясь в клеточные процессы, вирусы способны вызывать целый ряд серьезных симптомов. 4. Вирус может заразить клетку хозяина или путем присоединения к ее белковой оболочке, впрыскивая вирусное ДНК или РНК; или путем вхождения в клетку хозяина целиком. 5. Вирус гриппа способен быстро менять внешнюю белковую оболочку в последующих поколениях гриппа. 6. Известно, что прионы варьируют в размерах от очень маленьких, иногда в 100 раз меньше, чем вирус, до таких больших, как митохондрия или бактерия.

Exercise 2. Translate using the Gerund.

1. Придя домой, я начал сразу работать. 2. Он привык рано вставать. 3. Дождь помешал мне прийти к вам вчера. 4. Он ушел из квартиры, не заперев дверь. 5. Проверяя контрольные работы, преподаватель нашел мало ошибок. 6. Она была сердита на него за то, что он потерял ее словарь. 7. Вам следует прекратить купаться в море, так как вода стала очень холодной. 8. Я не могу пойти туда, не сказав ему об этом. 9. Я закрою окно, так как боюсь простудиться. 10. Мы слышали о том, что он назначен директором большого завода. 11. Она была разочарована тем, что я отказалась помочь ей. 12. Извините, что я не позвонил вам вчера. 13. Мы настаивали на том, чтобы они начали переговоры немедленно. 14. Он возражает против того, чтобы собрание было назначено на понедельник. 15. Мы ответственны за то, чтобы работа была закончена вовремя. 16. Вы ничего не имеете против того, чтобы я здесь курил? 17. Нет надежды, что он приедет вовремя. 18. Я не выношу смотреть мыльные оперы. 19. Мой друг не привык носить костюм и галстук каждый день. 20. Он сделал еще несколько утверждений с целью разъяснить свою точку зрения. 21. Она не привыкла, чтобы с ней так разговаривали. 22. Полицейский приказал ему остановиться, но он продолжал ехать. 23. Это была смешная шутка. Мы не могли не рассмеяться. 24. Несмотря на то, что он тренировался много часов, мой друг проиграл матч. 25. Мне потребовалось много времени, чтобы привыкнуть носить очки. 26. Он не выносит моего пения. 27. Вчера было холодно, поэтому мы отложили посещение ботанического сада. 28. Я избегаю разговаривать с нечестными людьми. 29. Он ушел, ничего не сказав. 30. Она позвонила родителям вместо того, чтобы написать письмо.

 

 

Exercise 3. Translate, state the form and the function of the Gerund.

1. Drying reduced the number of protozoa. 2. Is there any reason for believing that flocculation occurs in all natural water? 3. It is worth noting in this connection that there are at least two kinds of analyses practised by science. 4. At all events the resistance of lichens to disease is an important factor in aiding them to be ling-lived. 5. The investigator is usually faced with the problem of having to work with low concentrations of plant material. 6. An enzyme greatly speeds the rate of the reaction without being much damaged itself by the reaction. 7. Large spores are liberated at ground level instead of being deposited on surfaces. 8. Fortunately Atropa plants that showed signs of having been eaten were found in the vicinity. 9. Decreasing the alkalinity of the blood by injecting acetic acid into it reduced the resistance to a large extent. 10. Besides closely resembling the large lymphocytes these cells have slightly more cytoplasm and a more eccentrically placed nucleus. 11. Increasing the concentration of substrate decreases the amount of inhibition, and, conversely, decreasing the substrate concentration increases the inhibition. 12. Other conditions being equal, evaporation increases density by concentrating the materials being dissolved. 13. Wherever a change in the enviroment takes place, whether by cultivating or other circumstances, we observe the corresponding changes occur in the composition. 14. I can’t help mentioning that many aquatic plants are reported to be sensitive to the higher intensities of sunlight and, as a matter of fact, must avoid them by occupying deeper level in the water. 15. His having crossed a red-flowered race with a write-flowered race by dusting the pollen on the pistils prevented the plant from pollinating itself. 16. The following substances are said to play part in producing colour in natural waters. 17. Its (of the lake) slow cooling in autumn is due to giving off the large amounts of heat. 18. The inside of the cell can be reached either by a penetrating micro electrode or by injuring one end of the cell and thus destroying the membrane integrity at this point. 19. We have been unable to delay germination by substituting ABA solutions for pericarps. 20. The fact that these species are very distinctive by reason of having C-methylated flavanoids found nowhere else in the genus is one of importance. 21. Retarded development of young rats was prevented by supplementing the diet with the known B vitamins. 22. Other conditions being equal, light is a very influential factor in determining the occurrence and distribution of chlorophyll in a lake. 23. The number of chromosomes to be counted was doubled by shaking the eggs. 24. Observing a loop of a single chromosome about to divide may lead to a series of unexpected findings. 25. The modifications involve different methods of administering the substance to be assayed. 26. Shade loving plants are subject to fading when exposed to light. 27. One cannot help being impressed by the valiant efforts and the extensive analysis of this problem by proponents of the two opposite theories on limb morphogenesis. 28. It is in my opinion to be regretted that important changes in the conception of a species are undertaken without being openly discussed.

 

THE INFINITIVE

 

Voice