, :
CaCO3(.) Ca2+ + CO32-
, ,
=
[Ca2+], [CO32-] - ;
[CaCO3] - ( ), .
[CaCO3], , , Ksp:.
×[CaCO3] = Ksp = [Ca2+]× [CO32-]
. .
( ). , , ( ).
, , , . . .
: , . ,
[Ca2+] [CO32-] > Ksp (CaCO3).
: (Pi) , ([Ca2+] [CO32-] < Ksp(CaCO3)).
KxAy:
KxAy x ky+ + y Ax-
:
Ksp = [Ky+]x [Ax-]y
S. [Ky+]=xS (/), - [Ax-]=yS (/). :
Ksp = [xS]x [yS]y,
S:
29. Ksp S Ag2S.
. Ag2S 2 Ag + + S2 -
,
[Ag +] = 2 S (/), [S2 -] = S (/).
Ksp = (2 S) 2 (S) = 4 S 3,
30. AgCl 0.01 M HCl.
. AgCl Ag+ + Cl-
s s (s+0.01 / 0.01 /)
KSp (AgCl) = [Ag+]×[Cl-] = s × 0.01 = 1,6×10-10, s = 1,6×10-8 /
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31. PbCl2 0.01M Pb(NO3)2 0.02M of HCl?
. Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2HNO3
Pb 2+ + 2Cl - PbCl2
2 . :
[Pb2+] = C(Pb(NO3)2) = 0.01 / 2 = 0.005 /
[Cl-] = C(HCl) = 0.02 / 2 = 0.01 /
:
Pi = [Pb2+]×[Cl-]2 = 0.005 ´ (0.01)2 = 5×10-7
, KSp(PbCl2) = 1.6×10-5.
Pi < Ksp, PbCl2 .
- , - , .
:
1. , .
2. - . .
3. . .
4. - , , , . (+ ), , . , + , .
.
1. (, NaCl, KNO3 .).
NaCl + H2O (NaOH - , HCl - ).
2. (, Na2CO3, KSCN .).
Na2CO3 + 2 (NaOH - , H2CO3 - c ).
CO32 + HOH HCO3 + OH ( , >7).
Na2CO3+ HOH NaHCO3 + NaOH (1 ).
(NaOH), (OH ), ( ). ++OH 2, OH , . :
CO3 + HOH H2CO3 + OH
NaCO3 + HOH H2CO3 + NaOH (2 ).
3. (, AlCl3, FeSO4 .).
AlCl3 + H2O (Al(OH)3 - , Cl - c ).
Al3+ + HOH AlOH2+ + H+ ( , <7)
AlCl3 + HOH AlOHCl2 + HCl (1 ).
4. :
) (, (NH4)2CO3, NH4NO2 .).
(NH4)2CO3 + H2O :
2NH4+ + CO32 + HOH NH4OH + HCO3 + NH4+ ( 7)
(NH4)2CO3 + HOH NH4OH + NH4HCO3
) (, FeS, ZnSiO3 .).
FeS + H2O .
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) ( , , Fe2S3, Al2(CO3)3 .). : Fe2S3+6H2O 2Fe(OH)3 +3H2S
(Kh) (h).
NaCN + H2O NaOH + HCN
CN- + H2O OH- + HCN; pH > 7
, , :
K =
NH4Cl + H2O NH4OH + HCl
NH4+ + H2O H+ + NH4OH; pH < 7
Kh =
NH4CH3COO + H2O NH4OH + CH3COOH
NH4+ + CH3COO + H2O NH4OH + CH3COOH
Kh =
h , : .
:
Kh = .
, h << 1, Kh = h 2 C.
. 0,1 .
, :
PO43 + HOH HPO42 + OH
= = = 7,69 10 3
h = = = = 2,77 10 1
[OH ] = hC = 2,77 10 1 * 0,1 = 2,77 10 2;
[H+] = 10 14 / [OH ] = 10 14 / 2,77 10 2 = 3,61 10 13;
= -lg[H+] = 12,44.
, + , ; - . , :
Na2CO3 + H2O NaHCO3 + NaOH
CO32 + HOH HCO3 + OH
OH + H+ H2O
:
NaHCO3 + H2O H2CO3 + NaOH
HCO3 + HOH H2CO3 + OH .
( ), ( ). , .
.
, :
Bi(NO3)3 + HOH BiOH(NO3)2 + HNO3
Bi3+ + HOH BiOH2+ + H+
:
BiOH(NO3)2 + HOH Bi(OH) 2NO3 + HNO3
BiONO3 + H2O
BiOH2+ + HOH + NO3 BiONO3 + H+
(III).
.
+ ( ) , ( ), , ( +); + , - ( ). , Na2CO3 AlCl3 , + , 2 Al(OH)3:
2AlCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6NaCl
2Al3+ + 3CO32 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2
. , (CuOH)2CO3 , Cu(OH)2 . CuSO4 Na2CO3 (CuOH)2CO3:
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2CuSO4 + 2Na2CO3 + H2O (CuOH)2CO3 + CO2 + 2Na2SO4
2Cu2+ + 2CO32 + H2O (CuOH)2CO3 + CO2
- .
32. (, , ): a)FeCl2; )Na2CO3; ) KCl; ) Fe2S3.
.
) , :
FeCl2 Fe2+ + 2Cl-
Fe(OH)2 HCl. , :
Fe2+ + HOH FeOH+ + H+ ( < 7),
Cl- , :
Fe2+ + 2Cl- + HOH FeOH+ + H+ + 2Cl-
, , :
FeCl2 + HOH FeOHCl + HCl .
) Na2CO3 2Na+ + CO32-
C NaOH 23. , :
32- + 3- + - ( > 7),
Na+ , :
2Na+ + CO32- + HOH HCO3- + OH- + 2Na+
, , :
Na2CO3 + HOH NaHCO3 + NaOH
) KCl , .. HCl. , = 7.
) Fe2S3
Fe2S3 , , , :
Fe2S3 + 6H2O = 2Fe(OH)3¯ + 3H2S
33. .
.
NH4Cl + H2O NH4OH + HCl
NH4+ + H2O H+ + NH4OH; pH <7
, : . 10 - 10 c.
1. .
- | |||
- | (, ) | (, ) | |
() | (, ) | , ( ) | |
( , ) | (, , ) | ( , ) |
2. ( ). .
. , ( ).
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( ) . ().
1. ( ).
2. .
3. (, ).
4. .
5. ( ).
6. , , , .
7. ().
. . , , .
, . , , .
, , . , .
. , .
. .
:
KI () + AgNO3 AgI + KNO3
: {m[AgI] nI (n-x)K+} xK+
m ; n ; n + x = m; m >> n.
, , , -.
(j - ), .
_ _ j _ _ _ _ x + d B r ( ) | , , . ( ). |
x ()- .
x - : ½x½< 30 mV, () .
x- . , , (x=0).
, , , x-. , , , , x- .
, . (, ). -, - 1:11:72.
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. .
(, , .). . () , 10 , .
.
( , )
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. ( ) .
5. - . (). , : , , . , . . , .
6. .
1. ( ):
) ( , );
) ( ), ;
) ( -. . (II) , -:
K4[Fe(CN)6] + FeCl3 KFe[Fe(CN)6] + 3KCl
H2C2O4 2H+ + C2O42-
{m[KFe[Fe(CN)6]] n C2O42- (n-x)H+} xH+.
2. ( ):
)
3H2S () + As2O3 As2S3 + 3H2O
{m[As2S3] nS2- (n-2x)H+} 2xH+
) -
:
2HAuCl4 + 5K2CO3 2KAuO2 + 5CO2 + 8HCl + H2O
KAuO2 + HCHO Au + HCOOK + H2O
{m[Au] nAuO2- (n-x)K+} xK+
: 2H2S + O2 S + 2H2O
: 2H2S + 7O2 2H2O + H2S5O6
( )
{m[S] nS5O62- (n-2x)H+} 2xH+
)
FeCl3 Fe(OH)3^
1 c: FeCl3 + H2O FeOHCl2 + HCl
2 c: FeOHCl2 + H2O Fe(OH)2Cl + HCl
Fe(OH)2Cl FeOCl + H2O
3 c: Fe(OH)2Cl + H2O Fe(OH)3 + HCl
Fe(OH)3 FeCl3, FeOCl, HCl:
{m[Fe(OH)3] nFe3+ (n-3x)Cl-} X + 3xCl-
{m[Fe(OH)3] nFeO+ (n-x)Cl-} X + xCl-
{m[Fe(OH)3] nH+ (n-x)Cl-} X + xCl-
, , (, , ). Na3[Co(NO2)6]; [Cu(NH3)4]SO4; K4[Fe(CN)6].
: NH3 + H+ = NH4+
, , ( -). () - . ( ), . - .
, , . .
, -, . - ( .. = 1, 4 6, 6 ), ( -, .., .. 12).
, , . -, - . . , :NH3, . 2 , - . , sp 3 - 10928, , . , , Na2[CuCl6]:
, K3[Fe(CN)6]:
1. 3+.
2. ( ) [Fe(CN)6]3.
3. () Fe3+.
4. 6.
5. CN , 1 ().
. ( ), , , -. . , - , , :
[Cu(NH3)4]Cl2 (II);
K2[Cu()4] (II) ;
[HgCl2] (I) ;
[Cr(NH3)3Cl3] (III).