, NA = 6,02∙1023 -1.
, R = 8,31 /(∙)
R = 0,082 ∙/(∙).
, k = R /NA = 1,38∙10-23 /.
, Vo = 22,4 / (..).
, h = 6,63∙10-34 ∙.
, ē = 1,60∙10-19 .
, F = 9,65∙104 /.
1
, | - | - | , | - | - |
1012 | 0,1 | ||||
109 | 10-2 | ||||
106 | 10-3 | ||||
103 | 10-6 | ||||
102 | 10-9 | ||||
10 | 10-12 |
2
298
Δf(298,15K), / | So(298,15K), /· | ΔGof(298,15K), / | Δ.(298,15), / | |
Ag | 0 | 42,7 | 0 | |
AgBr | -99,24 | 107,1 | -95,9 | |
AgCl | -126,8 | 96,14 | -109,7 | |
AgI | -64,2 | 114,2 | -66,3 | |
AgF | -202,9 | 83,7 | -184,9 | |
AgNO3 | -120,7 | 140,9 | -32,2 | |
Ag2O | -30,56 | 121,7 | -10,8 | |
Ag2CO3 | -506,1 | 167,4 | -437,1 | |
Al | 0 | 28,31 | 0 | |
Al2O3 | -1675,0 | 50,9 | -1576,4 | |
Al(OH)3 | -1275,7 | 71,1 | -1139,7 | |
AlCl3 | -697,4 | 167,0 | -636,8 | |
Al2(SO4)3 | -3434,0 | 239,2 | -3091,9 | |
As | 0 | 35,1 | 0 | |
As2O3 | -656,8 | 107,1 | -575,0 | |
As2O5 | -918,0 | 105,4 | -772,4 | |
Au | 0 | 47,6 | 0 | |
AuF | -74,3 | 96,4 | -58,6 | |
AuF3 | -348,5 | 114,2 | -297,5 | |
Au(OH)3 | -418,4 | 121,3 | -290,0 | |
AuCl3 | -118,4 | 146,4 | -48,5 | |
B | 0 | 5,87 | 0 | |
B2O3 | -1264,0 | 53,9 | -1184,0 | |
B2H6 | 31,4 | 232,9 | 82,8 | |
Ba | 0 | 64,9 | 0 | |
BaO | -556,6 | 70,3 | -528,4 | |
BaCO3 | -1202 | 112,1 | -1138,8 | |
Be | 0 | 9,5 | 0 | |
-598,7 | 14,1 | -581,6 | ||
3 | -981,6 | 199,4 | -944,8 | |
Bi | 0 | 57,0 | 0 | |
BiCl3 | -277 | 356,9 | -262 | |
BiCl3 | -379,1 | 189,5 | -318,9 | |
Br2 | 30,9 | 245,3 | 3,1 | |
HBr | -36,2 | 198,5 | -53,2 | |
() | 1,9 | 2,4 | 2,9 | |
() | 0 | 5,7 | 0 |
. 2
Δf(298,15K), / | So(298,15K), /· | ΔGof(298,15K), / | Δ.(298,15), / | |
-110,5 | 197,4 | -137,3 | -283 | |
2 | -393,5 | 213,6 | -394,4 | |
12 | -223,0 | 289,2 | -210,5 | |
CS2 | 115,3 | 237,8 | 65,1 | |
CS2 | 87,8 | 151,0 | 63,6 | -1075,3 |
22 | 226,7 | 200,8 | 209,2 | -1300 |
24 | 52,3 | 219,4 | 68,1 | -1411 |
4 | -74,9 | 186,2 | -50,8 | -890 |
31 | -82 | -59 | 234 | -687 |
212 | -88 | -59 | 271 | -447 |
13 | -100 | -67 | 296 | -403 |
14 | -107 | -64 | 309 | |
14 | -135 | -65 | 216 | |
26 | -84,7 | 229,5 | -32,9 | -1560 |
66 | 49,0 | 173,2 | 124,5 | 3268 |
3 | -238,7 | 126,7 | -166,3 | -726 |
25 | -227,6 | 160,7 | -174,8 | -1368 |
37 -1 | -305 | -171 | 193 | -2010 |
37 -2 | -319 | -181 | 180 | -1987 |
3 | -166 | -129 | 250 | -1192 |
3 | -484,9 | 159,8 | -392,5 | -875 |
35()3 | -669 | 204 | -477 | -1661 |
65 | -165 | 146 | -51 | -3054 |
6126 D- | -1275 | 212 | -911 | -2810 |
6126 . D- | -1264 | 270 | -917 | |
6126 (D-) | -1266 | -2827 | ||
122211 | -2222 | 360 | -1543 | -5645 |
122211 | -2215 | 404 | -1551 |
|
|
. 2
Δf(298,15K), / | So(298,15K), /· | ΔGof(298,15K), / | Δ.(298,15). / | |
CO(NH2)2 | -334 | 105 | -197 | -634 |
CH3NH2 | -23 | 243 | 32,2 | -1085 |
(CH3)2NH | -18,8 | 273 | 68 | -1769 |
C5H5N | 140 | 283 | 190 | -2755 |
C6H5NH2 | 31 | 191 | 149 | -3396 |
Ca | 0 | 41,6 | 0 | |
CaO | -635,1 | 39,7 | -604,2 | |
CaF2 | -1214,0 | 68,9 | -1161,0 | |
CaCl2 | -785,8 | 113,8 | -750,2 | |
CaC2 | -62,7 | 70,3 | -67,8 | |
Ca(OH)2 | -986,2 | 83,4 | -896,8 | |
CaSO4 | -1424,0 | 106,7 | -1320,3 | |
CaSiO3 | -1579,0 | 87,5 | -1495,4 | |
Ca3(PO4)2 | -4125,0 | 240,9 | -3899,5 | |
CaCO3 | -1206,0 | 92,9 | -1128,8 | |
Cl2 | 0 | 223,0 | 0 | |
HCl | -92,3 | 186,7 | -95,3 | |
HCl | -167,5 | 55,2 | -131,2 | |
HlO | -116,4 | 129,7 | 80,0 | |
Cr | 0 | 23,8 | 0 | |
Cr2O3 | -1141,0 | 81,1 | -1146,8 | |
Cu | 0 | 33,3 | 0 | |
Cu2O | -167,4 | 93,9 | -146,4 | |
CuO | -165,3 | 42,6 | -127,2 | |
Cu(OH)2 | -443,9 | 79,5 | -356,9 | |
CuF2 | -530,9 | 84,5 | -485,3 | |
CuCl2 | -205,9 | 113,0 | -166,1 | |
CuBr2 | -141,4 | 142,3 | -126,8 | |
CuI2 | -21,3 | 159,0 | -23,8 | |
CuS | -48,5 | 66,5 | -48,9 | |
CuSO4 | -771,1 | 113,3 | -661,9 | |
CuCO3 | -594,9 | 87,9 | -518,0 | |
Cu(NO3)2 | -307,1 | 193,3 | -114,2 | |
Fe | 0 | 27,2 | 0 | |
FeO | -263,7 | 58,8 | -244,4 |
. 2
Δf(298,15K), / | So(298,15K), /· | ΔGof(298,15K), / | Δ.(298,15), / | |
FeCl2 | -341,0 | 119,7 | -302,1 | |
Fe2O3 | -821,3 | 89,9 | -741,0 | |
Fe(OH)3 | -824,3 | 96,2 | -694,5 | |
GeO | -305,4 | 50,2 | -276,1 | |
GeO2 | -539,7 | 52,3 | -531,4 | |
2 | 0 | 130,6 | 0 | -285,8 |
2 | -241,8 | 188,7 | -228,8 | |
2 | -285,8 | 70,0 | -237,5 | |
22 | -187,4 | 105,9 | -117,6 | |
I2 | 0 | 116,7 | 0 | |
I2 | 62,2 | 260,6 | 19,4 | |
HI | 25,9 | 206,3 | 1,3 | |
HIO | -158,9 | 24,3 | -98,7 | |
-425,9 | 59,4 | -374,5 | ||
-56,9 | 67,9 | -38,5 | ||
LiOH | -487,6 | 42,8 | -443,1 | |
Mg | 0 | 32,5 | 0 | |
Mg(OH)2 | -924,7 | 63,1 | -833,7 | |
N2 | 0 | 191,5 | 0 | |
N2O | 81,5 | 220,0 | 103,6 | |
NO | 90,4 | 210,6 | 86,7 | |
NO2 | 33,9 | 240,4 | 51,8 | |
N2O4 | 9,4 | 304,3 | 98,3 | |
NH3 | -46,2 | 192,5 | -16,6 | |
HNO3 | -173,0 | 156,2 | -79,9 | |
NH4Cl | -315,4 | 94,6 | -343,6 | |
NH4OH | -366,7 | 180,0 | -263,8 | |
NaOH | -426,6 | 64,2 | -377,0 | |
NaCl | -410,9 | 72,4 | -384,0 | |
Na2SO4 | -1384,0 | 149,4 | -1266,8 | |
2 | 0 | 205,0 | 0 | |
() | -18,41 | 22,8 | -13,181 | |
25 | -1492 | 114,5 | -1348,8 | |
13 | -277,0 | 311,7 | -286,3 | |
15 | -369,5 | 362,9 | -324,6 | |
3 | -982,4 | 150,6 | -902,9 | |
34 | -1271,9 | 200,8 | -1147,1 | |
PbO | -217,9 | 67,4 | -188,5 | |
PbO2 | -276,6 | 76,4 | -219,0 |
. 2
|
|
Δf(298,15K), / | So(298,15K), /· | ΔGof(298,15K), / | Δ.(298,15), / | |
PbSO4 | -218,1 | 147,3 | -811,2 | |
PbS | -94,3 | 91,2 | -92,7 | |
Pb(OH)3 | -413,8 | 70,7 | -364,4 | |
S (.) | 0 | 31,9 | 0 | |
SO2 | -296,9 | 248,1 | -300,2 | |
SO3 | -395,6 | 256,7 | -371,2 | |
SiO2 | -910,9 | 41,8 | -856,7 | |
SnO | -286,0 | 56,5 | -1256,9 | |
SnO2 | -580,0 | 52,3 | -519,3 |
3
Q, / | Q, / | |
17 | 4,1 | |
39 | 9,3 | |
17 | 4,1 |
4
(25)
[Ag(NO3)2]+ | 9,3∙10-8 | [Fe(CN)6]4- | 1,0∙10-29 |
[Ag(NH3)2]+ | 5,9∙10-8 | [Fe(CN)6]3- | 1,0∙10-31 |
[Ag(NO2)2]- | 1,5∙10-3 | [Hg(CN)4]2- | 4,0∙10-42 |
[Ag(CN)2]- | 1,0∙10-21 | [HgCl4]2- | 8,6∙10-16 |
[Cd(NH3)4]2+ | 8,0∙10-8 | [HgI4]2- | 1,5∙10-30 |
[CdCl4]2- | 9,0∙10-3 | [Zn(NH3)4]2+ | 4,0∙10-10 |
[Cd(CN)4]2- | 7,8∙10-18 | [Zn(CN)4]2- | 2,0∙10-17 |
[CdI4]2- | 7,1∙10-6 | [Zn(OH)4]2- | 3,6∙10-16 |
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ | 2,1∙10-14 | *[CaI]2- | 2,0∙10-11 |
[Cu(CN)4]2- | 5,0∙10-31 | *[MgI]2- | 2,04∙10-9 |
[Co(NH3)6]2+ | 8,0∙10-6 | *[CoI]2- | 4,9∙10-17 |
[Co(NH3)6]3+ | 3,1∙10-33 | *[NiI]2- | 2,4∙10-19 |
[Co(CN)4]2- | 8,0∙10-20 | *[CuI]2- | 1,59∙10-19 |
[Ni(NH3)6]2+ | 1,9∙10-9 | *[ZnI]2- | 3,16∙10-17 |
* ( ) |
5
(25)
n+ | n+ | ||||
Ag+ | NH3 | K1-2 = 5,910-8 | Ag+ | NO2 | K1-2 = 1,510-3 |
Cd2+ | NH3 | K1-4 = 2,810-7 | Cd2+ | NO2 | K1-3 = 1,510-4 |
Co2+ | NH3 | K1-4 = 8,510-6 | Al3+ | C2O42- | K1-3 = 5,010-17 |
Co2+ | NH3 | K1-6 = 4,110-5 | Cr3+ | C2O42- | K1-3 = 3,610-16 |
Co3+ | NH3 | K1-6 = 6,210-36 | Fe3+ | C2O42- | K1-3 = 6,310-21 |
Cu2+ | NH3 | K1-4 = 1,110-12 | Mn3+ | C2O42- | K1-3 = 3,810-20 |
Hg2+ | NH3 | K1-4 = 5,010-20 | Co2+ | - | K1-2 = 3,810-12 |
Ni2+ | NH3 | K1-4 = 3,410-8 | Ni2+ | - | K1-2 = 1,810-12 |
Zn2+ | NH3 | K1-4 = 8,310-12 | Cu2+ | - | K1-2 = 2,010-21 |
Bi3+ | Br- | K1-6 = 3,010-10 | Fe3+ | - | K1-3 = 5,410-37 |
Hg2+ | Br- | K1-4 = 1,010-21 | Ca2+ | - | K1-2 = 9,810-10 |
Pt2+ | Br- | K1-4 = 3,210-21 | Fe3+ | - | K1-2 = 1,410-12 |
Bi3+ | Cl- | K1-6 = 3,810-7 | Ca2+ | - | K1 = 2,110-5 |
Pt2+ | Cl- | K1-4 = 1,010-16 | Mg2+ | - | K1 = 1,110-4 |
Bi3+ | I- | K1-6 =7,9810-20 | Cu2+ | - | K1 = 1,310-6 |
Hg2+ | I- | K1-4 = 1,510-30 | Hg2+ | - | K1 = 1,310-11 |
Pb2+ | I- | K1-4 = 1,210-4 | Al3+ | 4- | K1 = 3,210-17 |
Ag+ | CN- | K1-2 = 1,410-20 | Ba2+ | 4- | K1 = 1,710-8 |
Au2+ | CN- | K1-2 = 5,010-30 | Bi3+ | 4- | K1 = 4,010-28 |
Cd2+ | CN- | K1-4 = 7,810-18 | Ca2+ | 4- | K1 = 2,610-11 |
Co2+ | CN- | K1-6 = 8,110-20 | Cd2+ | 4- | K1 = 3,510-17 |
Co3+ | CN- | K1-6 = 1,010-64 | Co2+ | 4- | K1 = 4,910-17 |
Cu+ | CN- | K1-4 = 2,010-30 | Co3+ | 4- | K1 = 2,510-41 |
Fe2+ | CN- | K1-6 = 1,310-37 | Cr3+ | 4- | K1 = 4,010-21 |
Fe3+ | CN- | K1-6 = 1,310-44 | Cu2+ | 4- | K1 = 1,610-19 |
Ni2+ | CN- | K1-4 = 1,010-31 | Fe2+ | 4- | K1 = 6,310-15 |
Zn2+ | CN- | K1-4 = 2,410-20 | Fe3+ | 4- | K1 = 5,910-25 |
Al3+ | F | K1-6 = 2,110-21 | Hg2+ | 4- | K1 = 1,610-22 |
Fe3+ | F | K1-6 = 7,910-17 | Mg2+ | 4- | K1 = 7,610-10 |
Ag+ | SCN | K1-2 = 5,910-9 | Mn2+ | 4- | K1 = 9,110-15 |
Bi3+ | SCN | K1-6 = 5,910-5 | Pb2+ | 4- | K1 = 9,110-19 |
Co2+ | SCN | K1-3 = 1,610-2 | Tl+ | 4- | K1 = 2,910-7 |
Cu2+ | SCN | K1-3 = 3,010-7 | Tl3+ | 4- | K1 = 1,610-38 |
Fe3+ | SCN | K1-6 = 5,910-4 | Zn2+ | 4- | K1 = 5,510-17 |
Hg2+ | SCN | K1-4 = 6,310-22 | Mg2+ | - | K1-2 = 3,510-7 |
Ag+ | S2O32 | K1-3 = 7,110-15 | Ca2+ | - | K1 = 4,210-2 |
Cd2+ | S2O32 | K1-3 = 6,310-9 | Mn2+ | - | K1 = 3,610-4 |
Cu+ | S2O32 | K1-3 = 1,910-14 | Fe2+ | - | K1-2 = 1,610-8 |
. 5
|
|
n+ | n+ | ||||
Pb2+ | S2O32 | K1-4 = 6,310-8 | Co2+ | - | K1-2 = 5,610-10 |
Hg2+ | S2O32 | K1-4 = 2,410-34 | Ni2+ | - | K1-2 = 2,710-11 |
Ag+ | SO32 | K1-3 = 1,010-9 | Cu2+ | - | K1-2 = 2,610-16 |
Cu+ | SO32 | K1-3 = 4,410-10 | Zn2+ | - | K1-2 = 1,110-10 |
Hg2+ | SO32 | K1-3 = 1,110-25 | Zn2+ |
6
| |||
| |||
2+ K1-3 = 7,0810-10 | Ca2+ 1 = 0,22 | Co2+ K1-3 = 1,8610-6 | |
Cu2+ K1-2 = 1,2610-14 | Zn2+ 1 = 10-3 | Zn2+ K1 = 7,9410-5 | |
Zn2+ K1-2 = 11,5810-8 |
| ||
| |||
A-Zn | 10-11 | ||
A-Hg | 10-21 | ||
Fe3+- ( 1:2) | 1,2 = 7,9410-33 | ||
Cu+- ( 1:1) | 1 = 6,3110-20 | ||
7