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. , , c Î N 0, = .

, : . : ; ; . , 12 6, = 2, 12 = 6 2, 12 6.

. : . , ( ). .

.

1. , ..

(" Î N) [0 ].

. 0 = 0 , , 0 .

2. , .. (" Î N) [ 0].

( ). c Î N 0, , = 0 , ≠ 0, . , 0.

3. , ..

(" Î N) [ 1].

. = 1 => 1.

4. (), ..(" Î N) [ ].

. = .

5. , .. ( Ù > 0) Þ ().

. , = , c Î N 0. .

= = ( 1), > 0, ≥ 1, , ( 1) ≥ 0, ≥ 0 Þ .

6. , ..

(" a, Î N 0)[(a Ù ) Þ = ].

.

1 . > 0, > 0, :

( 5). , = .

2 . 0.

= 0, = 0 2, .. . = .

7 . , ..

(" a, , Î N 0) [(a Ù ].

. Þ ($ )[ = ]; Þ ($ )[ = cℓ ].

= = () = (), ℓ , .. .

8. , + , .. (" a, , Î N 0) [(a Ù ) Þ ( + ) ].

, Þ = , Þ = cℓ.

+ = + cℓ = ( + ℓ), .. + , ( + ) .

, .

1,..., , 1+... + .

, , , .

9. , , x Î N 0, , .. Þ (" x Î N 0)[ ax ].

. Þ = , = = ( ), , x Î N 0, .

8, 9.

1, 2,..., , 1, 2, ..., n 1 1 + 2 2 +... + nn .

10. , ≠ 0, , .. ( Ù ≠ 0) Þ .

.

= ; = () Ù ≠ 0 Þ = => .

, , , . , . . , , , .

, - , . 3. 531246897 3? 5 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 9 + 7 = 45, .. 45 3, 3.

, .

. .





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