() , .
: nH2n2, n ≥ 3.
1. | 2==2 () | |
2. | 2= ͖H=2 -1,3 | |
3. | 2= ͖2H=2 -1,4 |
610:
3H=͖=͖3 -2,4 3H=і= ׀ 3 3--1,3 | ||||||||||||||
H2=͖2=͖3 -1,4 H2=͖22=3 -1,5 | ||||||||||||||
3 3
4 3
=
2 1
=
-3--1,3
3 4 3 = 5 2 1 3 =
-3--1,3
| ||||||||||||||
H і2223 -1 |
:
1.
, :
2= ͖H=2 + Br2 → 2 =H2 + Br2 →
-1,3 (H2O) ׀ ׀ (H2O)
Br Br
1,4--2
2͖H2
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
Br Br Br Br
1,2,3,4-
.
-1,3, π- , , π-, . . . .
2. :
. t
n2= ͖H=2 → (2 =H2)n
-1,3
I. -1,3:
1) ( ):
425
232 → 2= ͖H=2 + 2 + 22
Al2O3, ZnO,
2) - -1:
500600
32H23 2= ͖H=2 + 22
Al2O3, Cr2O3
H2=͖23 500600 2= ͖H=2 + 2
MgO, ZnO
II.
CH3 CH3
׀ t ׀
CH3 CH2 C͖CH3 CH2= CC=CH3 + 2H2
Al2O3, Cr2O3
2-
|
|
. :
(. . );
.
( ):
( )
, sp- : C C (.1.)
: nH2n2 n ≥ 2.
C C 0,120 .
sp- .
nH2n2 | ||
22 | ||
34 | ||
46 | ||
58 |
2 : . .
.
46
(2 )
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
і23 3 і3
-1 -2
() ()
58
(2 )
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4
і223 і͖3
- -1 ׀ 3--1
- 3
1 2 3 4 5
3 і23
-2
:
46
32 2= ͖H=2
-1 -1,3
3 3
-2
.
22 46 581528 1630
.
, . , a , . π-, ( 2 ). .
I.
1. ()
, :
Pt, Pd
+2 2 = 2
Ni, 150
2 = 2 + 2 Pt, Pd 3 3
Ni, 150
:
+22 Pt, Pd 3 3
Ni, 150
2. ():
, :
1 2 3 4
32 +Br2 CH=CCH2CH3
(H2O) ׀ ׀
-1 Br Br
1,2--1
Br Br
׀ ׀
CH=CCH2CH3 + Br2 CH CCH2CH3
׀ ׀ (H2O) ׀ ׀
Br Br Br Br
1,1,2,2-.
|
|
. .
3. ().
, :
+Cl +Cl
Cu +, Hg2+ 2 = Cl Cu +, Hg2+ 3 Cl2
1,1-
()
I
׀
3 + 2I 3 і 3
׀
I 2,2-
4. ().
.
, ( .. ):
Hg2+
=+ 2= 3
׀
( ,
)
Hg2+
=і3 + → 2= і3 3і3
׀
()
II.
1. ( )
1 t +4
222 + 52 → 42 + 22
2. ( KMnO4, K2Cr2O7)
(04 , 2207 ) ( ). : O
3 3 + 3[O] + H2O → 2CH3 C
04 OH
()
O O
3 + 3[O] + H2O → CH3 C + HC
04 OH OH
O O
+4[O] → CC
OH OH
() .
04 . 04 .
III.
, , .
u+ ():
CuCl, H+
+ CH =͖
(NH Cl) ()
CuCl, H+
3 (NH Cl) CH2=͖ і=2
()
(. . , .. ):
400
3
IV. ͻ, sp-
, s- , , ї . , . .
NH3(.)
2 +2Na → 2 Na + H2↑
NH4OH
3 + CuCl → 3 Cu↓ + HCl
(I)
NH4OH
+ Ag2O → Ag Ag↓ + H2O
(I)
()
- :
1000
24 → + 32
. | . | . | . | . | .. | . | ||||
. | . | . | . | . | .. | . | ||||
|
|