() . . ї ї .
. , . . () .
I. ( ї)
RH + XY → RX + HY
1) .
:
. ( ), - (hν) 12 :
( ):
(2) (3).
:
Cl + CH3 → CH3 Cl (6)
. , , , . , .
. :
Kat.
4 + 4F2 → CF4 + 4HF
.
2) -N02. HN03 (HO-N02).
RH + HO-N02→ R H + H2O
HN03 140. . . 1888. . , . :
.
- . . ѻ , , , .
3
1 2 3 4 4 3 2׀ 1
3͖23 3͖͖3
׀ ׀
NO2 NO2
2- 2---
5 4 3 2 1
3 ͖ 2 ͖ 3
׀ ׀
Cl 3
2--4-
3. ( c- - S03H RS03H). H2S04 (HO-SO3H).
RH + HOSO3H → RS03H + H2O
H2S04 .
|
|
|
- :
1 CH3
3 2 1 4 3 2 ׀
CH3CH2CH2S03H CH3CH2CHS03H
1- -2-
II.
(04, 2207).
1. ():
) ( 02) . . , 4, :
-4 T +4
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
) ( 02):
-4 T +4
2CH4 + 3O2 → 2CO + 4H2O
-4 T 0
CH4 + O2 → C + 2H2O
2. ( ).
O
R ,
H
R R, ROH, RCOOH.
O
( ѻ ѻ ) ( ѻ , ).
, :
KMnO4
CH3CH2CH3 → CH3 C + HC + CO2
T4 OH OH
III. .
- - ( ), :
1200C
CH4 → C + 2H2
1000C
2CH4 → HC 
CH + 3H2
()
; :
T
3223 → 3=͖3 + H2
Cr2 O3
n ≥ 6 ( ):
IV.
(. cracking ) ї , .
( 2) . .
(350700) ( ), :
1838 → 1022 + 816
1000 . .
1000C
38 → 3 + 42
V.
|
|
|
; :
, .
CH3(CH2)3CH3 → 3͖23
- ׀
3
1. :
) ;
) (II) :
Ni, 300C
+ 32 → CH4 + H2O
2. :
)
Al4C3 + 12H2O → 3CH4 ↑ + 4Al(OH)3;
)
t
C3 Na + NaO H → CH4↑ + Na2CO3
1. :
) (, , );
) (II)
300C
nCO + (2n +1)H2 → CnH2n+2 + nH2O
Fe
2. :
a) (+2)
Pt
n2n + 2 → CnH2n+2
(Ni, 1500C)
) ( . ).
, :
t
2R-Br + 2Na → R-R +2NaBr
t
2CH3-Br + 2Na → CH3- CH3 + 2NaBr
, .
. , , - . ., :
, , , , (2=͖=2; -1,3) (2=і=2; 2--1,3).
׀
C3
( ). ().
.
