3.1
, , . , , (PON) Ethernet (Active Optional Network, AON). Ethernet, , GPON, .
PON 3.1:
3.1 PON
APON, ATM PON | BPON, Broadband PON | EPON, Ethernet PON ( GEPON, 10GEPON | GPON, Gigabit PON | |
G.983 | ITU G.983 | IEEE 802.3ah | ITU G.984.6 | |
ATM | ATM | Ethernet | GFP | |
(.) | 155 / | 622 / | 1,244 / | 2,488 / |
(.) | 155 / | 155 / | 1,244 / | 1,244 / |
OLT | ||||
, | ||||
, |
Ethernet 1 / 10 / , Merto Ethernet : . Ethernet , . , , . FastEthernet, 100 /, , , , GbE (1 /) 10GbE (10 /).
Metro Ethernet (FTTB) ( ). , , , , Metro Ethernet . , GbE, 10GbE, 40GbE 100GbE .
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|
GPON . 1, . , IGMP, DHCP, STP, TCP/IP . , , .
GPON OLT ONT . , . , .
3.2 IPTV Metro Ethernet
Ethernet. , , .
MetroEthernet , .
, MetroEthernet, . , , , , IP (IP TV), (, ).
c Metro Ethernet , (. 3.1).
3.1 Metro Ethernet
, , .
, SDH .
, , . (QoS) QoS . (multicast), , IP.
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. .
3.2 Metro Ethernet
Metro Ethernet Network (MEN) Ethernet , . Customer Equipment (CE) User Network Interface (UNI), Ethernet. Ethernet (UNI), . , Metro Network, .
Ethernet Ethernet virtual connection (EVC). EVC UNI, Ethernet . EVC Layer 2 Private Line VPN.
MEF EVC: (pointtopoint) (multipointtomultipoint).
Metro Ethernet:
(Pointtopoint P2P). 3.3 P2P.
3.3 Ethernet P2P
.
(multipoint-to-multipoint MP2MP). 3.4 MP2MP.
3.4 Ethernet MP2MP
, . Triple Play Metro Ethernet.
Triple Play
Triple Play : , : , , TCP/IP + IP-TV + VoIP.
, . , , , . .
Triple Play - (, DSL PON) . , , , Wi-Fi . .
:
, IP/MPLS. VPN, , ;
() ;
.
Ethernet- (Ethernet-to-the-home, DSL- Ethernet, LRE . .).
Ethernet- 802.1q (, IP-, , Set-top-box).
, IP/MPLS. (, ). MPLS (VPN). VPN, VPN, IP- .
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QS :
VICE- . ( ) , (BGP, OSPF, LDP). strict priotity 20 % ;
VIDEO- (, ). bandwidth 40-50 % ;
DATASTD . best-effort . WRED DSCP, loss priority;
BE , , .
WRED DSCP, , STD. , , , , , . Triple Play IP- , IPTV.
3.3 Metro Ethernet
Metro Ethernet 3.5.
3.5 Metro Ethernet
MEN 4 : , Ethernet, .
.
() MEN. , , DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Loop Access Multiplexer ), , CPE (Customerfacing Provider Equipment), AG (Access Gateway) .. DSLAM . DSLAM , , , DSLAM .
Ethernet.
Ethernet MEN. 3.6 Ethernet.
3.6 Ethernet
3.7 Ethernet
MEN . UPE (User facing Provider Edge), PE-AGG (Provider Equipment Aggregation).
UPE 3.8:
3.8 UPE
UPE:
ID VLAN ( VLAN) :
) MPLS L2 VPN (VLL/VPLS) PPPoE;
) MPLS L3 VPN DHCP (HSI, VoD, VoIP);
) MPLS VPN VPN;
:
) VPLS VLL Pseudo Wire (PW) PPPoE;
) DHCP Relay MPLS L3 VPN DHCP;
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|
.
PEAGG 3.9:
3.9 PEAGG
PEAGG:
Edge ( ):
) PEAGG . , VPLS PPPoE BRAS ((Broadband RemoteAccess Server), L3 VPN VoIP SBC (Service Border Controller).
:
) VLAN PEAGG PW, UPE VLAN.
RPR , MEN. RPR , 50 .
Ethernet . , .
L3 Edge
3.10
3.11
. L2 L3 MEN Edge MEN.
Metro L3 Edge .
L2/L3 (L3 Edge):
L3 Edge:
) : BRAS L3 Edge, Metro () (). MEN, BRAS ;
) VoIP: AGG Metro;
) IPTV: AGG Metro;
:
) : BRAS ;
) VoIP: SBC , Metro ;
) BTV: L3 Edge ;
) VoD: VoD , Metro ;
) L2 VPN P2P: AGG Metro;
) L2 VPN MP: UPE AGG, NPE (Network Provider Edge) Edge;
) L3 VPN: AGG Metro.
IP/MPLS.
. Metro Ethernet, .
IP/MPLS RPR, PoP (Point of Presence) - . IGP. SR 2 , , . 640G, 1,28.
3.121 IP/MPLS
3.13 ME
3.4 Metro Ethernet
.
3.2 .
1.1 | ||
1.2 | ||
1.3 |
3.2
1.4 | ||
1.5 | ||
1.6 | ||
1.7 | ||
2.1 | ||
2.2 | ||
2.3 | ||
2.4 | ||
2.5 | ||
2.6 | ||
2.7 | ||
2.8 | ||
2.9 | ||
2.10 | ||
3.1 | ||
3.2 | ||
3.3 | ||
3.4 | ||
4.1 | ||
4.2 | ||
4.3 | ||
5.1 | ||
5.2 | ||
5.3 | ||
6.1 | ||
6.2 | ||
6.3 | ||
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|
1, 1, , , IPTV ( MPEG-4):
C = 0,272N+200, (3.1)
0,272 Triple Play;
N ;
200 / , - MPEG-4.
3.3.
3.3 .
/ | ||
1.1 | 616,2 | |
1.2 | 274,3 | |
1.3 | 235,6 | |
1.4 | 223,1 | |
1.5 | 389,9 | |
1.6 | 272,6 | |
1.7 | 220,7 | |
2.1 | 2007,2 | |
2.2 | 277,5 | |
2.3 | 838,7 | |
2.4 | 474,2 | |
2.5 | 225,0 | |
2.6 | 716,3 | |
2.7 | 348,8 | |
2.8 | 271,0 | |
2.9 | 227,5 | |
2.10 | 228,3 | |
3.1 | 541,6 | |
3.2 | 379,8 | |
3.3 | 258,5 | |
3.4 | 303,4 | |
4.1 | 712,7 | |
4.2 | 952,9 | |
4.3 | 962,1 | |
5.1 | 740,2 | |
5.2 | 903,9 | |
5.3 | 892,5 | |
6.1 | 2221,0 | |
6.2 | 1039,9 | |
6.3 | 916,7 | |
1 | 12871,94 | |
1 | 12871,94 |
.
, 10GE, .
10GE .
IPTV. .
MPEG-4 6 /, IPTV- 6 /. 100 :
. (3.2)
ρ= (0.2, 0.4, 0,6, 0.8):
/c, (3.3)
/c, (3.4)
/c, (3.5)
/. (3.6)
3.4 IPTV
, / | , / | , | |||
25337,8 | 599999104,00 | 0,2 | 0,000010 | 0,999979 | 0,000021 |
299999552,00 | 0,4 | 0,000026 | 0,999915 | 0,000085 | |
199999701,33 | 0,6 | 0,000059 | 0,999808 | 0,000192 | |
149999776,00 | 0,8 | 0,000158 | 0,999659 | 0,000341 | |
50675,6 | 1199998208,00 | 0,2 | 0,000005 | 0,999989 | 0,000011 |
599999104,00 | 0,4 | 0,000013 | 0,999957 | 0,000043 | |
399999402,67 | 0,6 | 0,000030 | 0,999904 | 0,000096 | |
299999552,00 | 0,8 | 0,000079 | 0,999829 | 0,000171 | |
76013,5 | 1799999680,00 | 0,2 | 0,000003 | 0,999993 | 0,000007 |
899999840,00 | 0,4 | 0,000009 | 0,999972 | 0,000028 | |
599999893,33 | 0,6 | 0,000020 | 0,999936 | 0,000064 | |
449999920,00 | 0,8 | 0,000053 | 0,999886 | 0,000114 | |
101351,4 | 2400001152,00 | 0,2 | 0,000002 | 0,999995 | 0,000005 |
1200000576,00 | 0,4 | 0,000007 | 0,999979 | 0,000021 | |
800000384,00 | 0,6 | 0,000015 | 0,999952 | 0,000048 | |
600000288,00 | 0,8 | 0,000039 | 0,999915 | 0,000085 |
(l4 = 101351,4 /) . .
3.14 - .
3.15 - .
, . , .
3.5 Triple play
Metro Ethernet
Triple play , , IP (VoIP), , (IPTV).
Triple play :
, (3.7)
: nj , ;
tj ;
f ;
Triple play;
N .
. (3.8)
. Triple play , . http ftp, . 200 /.
:
, (3.9)
: Triple play;
N ;
hj .
2 G.711 G.729 3.5:
3.5 G.771 G729
() | () | MOS | ||||
G.771 | 64 / | 4,4 | 81,2 | 163,84 / | ||
G.729 | 8 / | 4,07 | 31,2 | 20,48 / |
G.711 (3.10):
. (3.10)
G.729 (3.11):
. (3.11)
, -, , 200 .
, :
, (3.12)
: v ,
hj .
, (3.13)
. (3.14)
, Triple play - (3.15):
(3.15)
ti ;
ni , , MPEG-4.
. (3.16)
, Triple play :
. (3.17)
:
(3.18)
. (3.19)
. , , .
, , :
(3.20)
, :
t1 = t2 = t3 = t , .
f1 = f2 = f3 = f .
p1 + p2 + p3 = 1.
:
(3.21)
(3.22)
:
(3.23)
(3.24)
, .
, . QoS ITU Y.1541. , 100 , 50 0,001, .. tp ≤ 100
:
tp = t + t + tcore +t (3.25)
, tp ;
t ( );
tcore ;
t ;
, 5 . IP - . . , , .
, :
(3.26)
τj ;
Cb2 ;
λj ;
tadj ;
(3.24) .
(3.27)
(3.28)
(3.29)
:
(3.30)
(3.31)
(3.32)
tj . , . - , r. 0,5.
5 :
(3.33)
(3.34)
(3.35)
. 50%. :
, (3.36)
(3.37)
(3.38)
(3.30):
(3.39)
. (3.40)
hj :
(/), (3.41)
/ = 30,9 /, (3.42)
/ = 9,07 /. (3.42)
, Triple play -, , , 1 2 1 3. , , IPTV.
3.6 IPTV
IPTV . HSPA, LTE WiMAX. .
3.6 .
WiMAX | HSDPA | LTE Rel.8 | |
, | 802.16d 1,5-11, 802.16e 2,3-13,6 | 1,9 - 2,2 | 1,4 20 |
, / | 802.16d 75 802.16e 40 | 21 ( HSPA+) | |
, | 802.16d 25-80, 802.16e 1-5 | 5 | 5 30, |
FDD 2x5, TDD 10 | 2x5 | 20 | |
DL | OFDMA | OFDMA | OFDMA |
UL | OFDMA | SC-OFDMA | SC-OFDMA |
FDD/TDD | FDD | FDD | |
, | |||
3.6 | |||
AES128 | AES128 | AES128 | |
QPSK 16QAM 64QAM | QPSK 16QAM 64QAM | QPSK 16QAM 64QAM | |
CTC | CTC | CTC | |
FTT (Fast Fourier transform) | |||
QoS | |||
MIMO | |||
HARQ | 802.16 | ||
Handover | 802.16 | ||
Multicast | |||
HSPA , WCDMA/UMTS.
14,4 / ( 5,8 / .
3,6 / HSDPA (D-downlink). HSUPA (U-uplink, ) HSPA.
3GPP LTE 3GPP CDMA, UMTS. , , , , , , . 3GPP LTE 326,4 / ( 1 / ) (download) 172,8 (upload); 173 / 58 / .
3GPP UMTS, . , , - .
, , . Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) IEEE 802.16-2004 802.16-2005 (MAN). 70 M/, 30 , .
WiMAX (MAC) , (QoS). (OFDM) , . , , . WiMAX , WiMAX IPTV . WiMAX IPTV , , .
WiMAX , IPTV VoD.