() | / | /() | / | 0 298, /(*) | |||
Ag () | 42,55 | 25,44 | |||||
Al () | 28,33 | 24,35 | |||||
As (, ) | 35,61 | 24,74 | |||||
Au () | 47,40 | 25,36 | |||||
Br2 () | 30,91 | 254,37 | 3,14 | 36,07 | |||
Br2 () | 152,21 | 75,69 | |||||
C () | 5,74 | 8,54 | |||||
Ca () | 41,42 | 26,36 | |||||
Cd () | 51,76 | 25,94 | |||||
l2 () | 222,98 | 33,93 | |||||
Co () | 30,04 | 24,81 | |||||
Cu () | 33,14 | 24,43 | |||||
F2 () | 202,67 | 31,30 | |||||
Fe () | 27,15 | 24,98 | |||||
H2 () | 130,52 | 28,83 | |||||
J2 () | 62,43 | 260,60 | 19,39 | 36,90 | |||
K () | 64,18 | 29,58 | |||||
Mg () | 32,68 | 24,89 | |||||
N2 () | 191,50 | 29,12 | |||||
Ni () | 29,87 | 26,07 | |||||
O2 () | 205,04 | 29,37 | |||||
P (, ) | 41,09 | 23,82 | |||||
P (, ) | −17,45 | 22,80 | −12,00 | 21,39 | |||
Pb () | 64,81 | 26,82 | |||||
S() | 278,90 | 167,70 | − | ||||
Si () | 18,33 | 19,99 | |||||
Sn () | 51,55 | 26,99 | |||||
Zn () | 41,63 | 25,44 | |||||
AgBr () | −100,40 | 107,11 | -97,02 | 52,30 | |||
Ag2O() | −30,54 | 121,75 | -10,90 | 65,86 | |||
Al2O3 (, ) | −1675,69 | 50,92 | −1582,27 | 79,04 | |||
l 3 () | −402,96 | 290,08 | −387,98 | 62,63 | |||
F3 () | −1136,58 | 254,01 | −1119,93 | 50,46 | |||
O () | −110,53 | 197,55 | −137,15 | 29,14 | |||
2 () | −393,51 | 213,66 | −394,37 | 37,11 | |||
3 () | −1206,83 | 91,71 | −1128,35 | 83,47 | |||
l2 () | −795,92 | 108,37 | −749,34 | 72,59 | |||
() | −635,50 | 39,70 | −604,20 | 67,03 | |||
CaSO4 () | −1432,70 | 106,70 | −1320,30 | 99,60 | |||
Ca3PO4 () | −4137,60 | 236,00 | −3899,50 | 227,80 | |||
. 2 | |||||
() | / | /( ) | / | 0 298, /(*) | |
Ca3PO4 () | −4137,60 | 236,00 | −3899,50 | 227,80 | |
CaSO40,5H2O() | −1573,00 | 134,00 | −1435,00 | 121,00 | |
CaSO4 2H2O () | −2021,10 | 194,00 | −1795,90 | 186,20 | |
u () | −162,00 | 42,63 | −134,26 | 42,30 | |
CuS () | −48,50 | 66,50 | −53,60 | 47,84 | |
CuS4 () | −771,10 | 93,93 | −661,80 | 63,64 | |
F () | −264,85 | 60,75 | −244,30 | 49,92 | |
F2 3 () | −822,16 | 87,45 | −740,34 | 103,76 | |
Fe3O4() | −1117,70 | 146,40 | −1014,20 | 143,40 | |
FS () | −100,40 | 60,29 | −100,80 | 50,54 | |
r () | −36,38 | 198,58 | −53,43 | 29,14 | |
l () | −92,31 | 186,79 | −95,30 | 29,14 | |
F () | −273,30 | 173,67 | −275,41 | 29,14 | |
2 () | −285,83 | 69,95 | −273,23 | 75,30 | |
2O () | −241,81 | 188,72 | −228,61 | 33,61 | |
2S() | −20,60 | 205,70 | −33,50 | 33,44 | |
g () | −601,49 | 27,07 | −569,27 | 37,20 | |
NH3 () | −45,94 | 192,66 | −16,48 | 35,16 | |
N4NO3 () | −365,43 | 151,04 | −183,93 | 151,04 | |
N () | 91,26 | 210,64 | 87,58 | 29,58 | |
NO2 () | 34,19 | 240,06 | 52,29 | 36,66 | |
N2O () | 82,01 | 219,83 | 104,12 | 38,62 | |
N2O4 () | 11,11 | 304,35 | 99,68 | 79,16 | |
N2O5 () | 13,30 | 355,65 | 117,14 | 95,28 | |
NaCl() | −411,12 | 72,13 | -384,13 | 50,81 | |
Na2CO3() | -1130,80 | 138,80 | −1048,20 | 70,63 | |
Ni () | −239,74 | 37,99 | −211,60 | 44,31 | |
NiS () | −92,88 | 67,38 | − | 54,68 | |
NiSO4 () | −889,10 | 97,10 | −763,80 | 138,30 | |
b () | −219,28 | 66,11 | −189,10 | 45,81 | |
bO 2 () | −276,56 | 71,92 | −217,56 | 64,77 | |
SO2 () | −296,90 | 248,07 | −300,21 | 39,87 | |
SO3 () | −395,85 | 256,69 | −371,17 | 50,09 | |
SiO2 () | −903,49 | 46,86 | −850,71 | 44,35 | |
Sn () | −285,98 | 56,48 | −265,88 | 44,35 | |
Sn2 () | −580,74 | 52,30 | −519,83 | 52,59 | |
iO2 () | −944,75 | 50,33 | −889,49 | 55,04 | |
Zn () | −348,11 | 43,51 | −318,10 | 40,25 | |
ZnCO3() | −812,53 | 80,33 | −730,66 | 80,08 | |
ZnS () | −205,40 | 65,30 | −200,70 | 45,52 | |
4 () | −74,85 | 186,27 | −50,85 | 35,71 | |
22() | 226,75 | 200,82 | 209,21 | 43,93 | |
24 () | 52,30 | 219,45 | 68,14 | 43,56 | |
|
|
. 2 | |||||
26 () | −84,67 | 229,49 | −32,93 | 52,64 | |
3 6 () | 20,41 | 266,94 | 62,70 | 63,89 | |
38 () | −103,85 | 269,91 | −23,53 | 73,51 | |
4]0 () - | −126,15 | 310,12 | −17,19 | 97,45 | |
C5H12 () | −146,40 | 348,40 | − | 122,60 | |
66 () | 82,93 | 269,20 | 129,68 | 81,67 | |
66 () | 49,03 | 173,26 | 124,38 | 135,14 | |
612 () | −156,23 | 204,35 | 26,60 | 156,48 | |
612 () | −124,14 | 298,24 | 31,70 | 106,27 | |
614 () | −167,20 | 386,80 | − | 146,70 | |
614 () | −198,63 | 295,80 | −4,34 | 195,00 | |
C7H16 () - | −187,80 | 425,30 | − | 224,70 | |
C8H18 () - | −208,40 | 463,70 | − | 254,00 | |
CH3OH () | −201,20 | 329,70 | − | 81,80 | |
CH3OH () | −238,30 | 126,80 | −166,23 | 123,31 | |
CH3COOH () | −487,10 | 160,00 | −392,50 | 123,40 | |
C2H5OH () | −235,30 | 282,00 | − | 113,00 | |
C2H5OH () | −277,60 | 160,70 | −174,80 | 113,00 | |
C3H7OH () | −260,40 | 317,60 | − | 143,50 | |
C6H12O6 () | −1273,00 | 212,00 | −919,50 | 218,87 | |
(CH3)2CO () | −216,40 | 294,90 | − | 125,00 | |
* : -- . | |||||
3
|
|
()
( 25OC)
, / | ||
HNO2 H+ + NO2− | 4,0 10-4 | |
H3BO3 H+ + H2BO3− H2BO3− H+ + HBO32− HBO32− H+ + BO33− | 5,8 10-10 1,8 10-13 1,6 10-14 | |
H2O H+ + OH− | 1,8 10-16 | |
H2SiO3 H+ + HSiO3− HSiO3− H+ + SiO32− | 2,2 10-10 1,6 10-12 |
. 3 | ||
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4− H2PO4− H+ + HPO42− HPO42− H+ + PO43− | 7,5 10-3 6,2 10-8 2,210-13 | |
H2SO3 H+ + HSO3− HSO3− H+ + SO32− | 1,3 10-2 5,0 10-6 | |
H2S H+ + HS− HS− H+ + S2− | 5,7 10-8 1,2 10-15 | |
H2C2O4 H+ + HC2O4− HC2O4− H+ + C2O42− | 5,9 10-2 6,4 10-5 | |
HCN H+ + CN− | 7,2 10-10 | |
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3− HCO3− H+ + CO32− | 4,3 10-7 5,6 10-11 | |
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO− | 1,8 10-5 | |
HF H+ + F− | 7,4 10-4 | |
Al(OH)3 Al(OH)2+ + OH− Al(OH)2+ AlOH2+ + OH− AlOH2+ Al3+ + OH− | 7,4 10-9 2,1 10-9 1,4 10-9 | |
NH4OH NH4+ + OH− | 1,8 10-5 | |
AgOH Ag+ + OH− | 9,6 10-4 | |
o(OH)2 CoOH+ + OH− CoOH+ Co2+ + OH− | 7,910-5 7,910-6 | |
II | Sn(OH)2 SnOH+ + OH− SnOH+ Sn2+ + OH− | 3,5 10-10 1,3 10-12 |
III | Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)2+ + OH− Fe(OH)2+ FeOH2+ + OH− FeOH2+ Fe3+ + OH− | 4,8 10-11 1,8 10-11 1,4 10-12 |
II | Fe(OH)2 FeOH+ + OH− FeOH+ Fe2+ + OH− | − 1,3 10-4 |
II | Cu(OH)2 Cu2+ + 2OH− | 3,4 10-7 |
Ni(OH)2 Ni2++ 2OH− | 2,5 10-5 | |
Pb(OH)2 PbOH+ + OH− PbOH+ Pb2+ + OH− | 9,5 10-4 3,0 10-8 | |
r(OH)3 Cr3+ + 3OH− | 1,0 10-10 | |
Zn(OH)2 ZnOH+ + OH− ZnOH+ Zn2+ + OH− | 5,0 10-5 1,5 10-9 |
4
C (a)
18
( = 0,1 /) | a, % | |
NH4OH | 1,3 | |
CH3COOH | 1,3 | |
H2S | 0,07 | |
H3BO3 | 0,01 | |
HCN | 0,007 |
5
(a .)
18
(.= 0,1 /) | a ., % | (.= 0,1 /) | a ., % | |||||
HNO3 | NaCl | |||||||
HCl | ||||||||
H2SO4 | KCl | |||||||
H3PO4 | MgCl2 | |||||||
H2SO3 | AlCl3 | |||||||
HF | CuSO4 | |||||||
KOH | NaOH | |||||||
|
|
7
()
( t = 25)
Am+n Bn-m () n Am+(p-)+m Bn−(p-);
=[Am+]n[Bn−]m, n+m/ n+m;
[Am+] , /.
() | () | ||
AgCl | 1,6 10-10 | CaSO4 | 4,4 10-5 |
AgBr | 4,4 10-13 | Cd(OH)2 | 4,3 10-15 |
AgJ | 9,7 10-17 | Cu(OH)2 | 5,0 10-19 |
Ag2CO3 | 8,2 10-12 | Cr(OH)3 | 6,7 10-31 |
Ag2SO4 | 4,4 10-5 | Fe(OH)2 | 1,6 10-15 |
Ag2S | 1,6 10-49 | Fe(OH)3 | 3,8 10-38 |
AgOH | 1,9 10-8 | Mn(OH)2 | 2,3 10-13 |
Al(OH)3 | 5,1 10-33 | Ni(OH)2 | 1,6 10-14 |
BaCO3 | 8,1 10-9 | PbBr2 | 5,010-5 |
BaSO4 | 1,1 10-10 | PbCl2 | 2,110-5 |
MgCO3 | 1,0 10-5 | PbJ2 | 9,8 10-9 |
Mg(OH)2 | 5,5 10-12 | Pb(OH)2 | 1,0 10-15 |
CaCO3 | 4,8 10-9 | PbSO4 | 1,6 10-8 |
CaF2 | 4,0 10-11 | PbS | 3,6 10-29 |
Ca(OH)2 | 6,310-6 | Zn(OH)2 | 1,3 10-17 |
8
()
1,0 | 26,0 | ||
81,0 | 2,6 |
9
() ()
( *−1)
1,86 | 0,52 | |
5,10 | 2,57 | |
5,87 | 3,69 | |
1,99 | 1,16 | |
2,40 | 1,50 | |
4,90 | 3,89 | |
3,90 | 3,09 | |
29,8 | 5,02 | |
4,63 | 3,01 | |
20,80 | 2,92 | |
6,88 | 5,20 |
* : − .
10
()
( ) | - | ( ) | |||||||
[OH− ] | 1(100) | 10−2 | 10−4 | 10−6 | 10−7 | 10−8 | 10−10 | 10−12 | 10−14 |
[H+] | 10−14 | 10−12 | 10−10 | 10−8 | 10−7 | 10−6 | 10−4 | 10−2 | 100 |
H |
11
- (298)
- () | 298, | |
(+) NO-3/NO2 (2) | NO−3 + 2H+ + NO2+ H2O | +0,78 |
(+) NO-3/HNO2 (2) | NO−3 + 3H+ + 2 HNO2+ H2O | +0,93 |
(+) NO-3/NO-2 (2) | NO−3 + 2H+ + 2 NO2− + H2O | +0,94 |
(+) NO-3/NO (2) | NO−3 + 4H+ + 3 NO+ 2H2O | +0,96 |
(+) NO-2 /N2 (-) | NO−2 + 2H+ + 2 N2 + 2OH− | +0,99 |
(+) 2NO2/N2 (2) | 2NO2 + 8H+ + 8 N2 + 4H2O | +1,36 |
(+) 2HNO2/N2 (2) | 2HNO2 + 6H+ + 6 N2 + 4H2O | +1,45 |
(+) 2NO/N2 (2) | 2NO + 4H+ + 4 N2 + 2H2O | +1,68 |
(+) H3BO3/B (2) | H3BO3 + 3H+ + 3 B + 3H2O | −0,71 |
BrO-3/Br- (OH-) | BrO−3 + 3H2O + 6 Br− + 6OH− | +0,60 |
Br2/2Br- | Br2 + 2 2Br− | +1,09 |
(+) BrO-3/Br- (2) | BrO−3 + 6H+ + 6 Br− + 3H2O | +1,44 |
(+) 2BrO-3/Br2 (2) | 2BrO−3 + 12H+ + 10 Br2 + 6H2O | +1,52 |
(2) JO-3/J- (OH-) | JO−3 + 6H2O + 6 J− + 6OH− | +0,26 |
J2/2J- | J2 + 2 2J− | +0,53 |
(H+) JO-3/J- (2) | JO−3 + 6H+ + 6 J− + 3H2O | +1,09 |
(H+) 2JO-3/J2 (2) | 2JO−3 + 12H+ + 10 J2 + 6H2O | +1,20 |
(2) H2O/H2 (OH-) | 2H2O + 2 H2 + 2OH− | −0,83 |
(2) O2/H2O2 (OH-) | O2 + 2H2O + 2 H2O2 + 2OH− | −0,08 |
(H+) O2/H2O2 | O2 + 2H+ + 2 H2O2 | +0,68 |
(H+) O2/2H2O (2) | O2 + 4H+ + 4 2H2O | +1,23 |
(H+) H2O2/2H2O (2) | H2O2 + 2H+ + 2 2H2O | +1,78 |
Mn2+/Mn | Mn2+ + 2 Mn | −1,18 |
MnO4-/ MnO42- | MnO4- + MnO42− | +0,56 |
MnO4-/ MnO2(OH-) | MnO4− + 2H2O + 3 MnO2 + 4OH− | +0,57 |
MnO42- / MnO2(OH-) | MnO42- + 2H2O + 2MnO2 + 4OH- | +0,58 |
|
|
. 11 | |||
- () | 298, | ||
(H+) MnO2/Mn2+ | MnO2 + 4H+ + 2 Mn2+ + 2H2O | +1,24 | |
(H+)MnO4-/ Mn2+ (2) | MnO4− + 8H+ + 5 Mn2+ + 4H2O | +1,53 | |
(H+)MnO4-/ nO2(2) | MnO4− + 4H+ + 3 MnO2 + 2H2O | +1,73 | |
Pb2+/Pb | Pb2+ + 2 Pb | −0,13 | |
(H+) PbO2/ Pb2+ (2) | PbO2+ 4H+ +SO42− +2 PbSO4+ H2O | +1,46 | |
Pb4+/ Pb2+ | Pb4++ 2 Pb2+ | +1,69 | |
(2)SO42-/ SO32-(OH-) | SO42−+ H2O + 2 SO32−+ 2OH− | −0,93 | |
(H+) SO42-/ S2- (2) | SO42− + 8H+ + 8 S2−+ 4H2O | −0,15 | |
(H+) S/H2S | S + 2H+ + 2 H2S | +0,17 | |
(H+)SO42-/ SO32- (2) | SO42− + 2H+ + 2 SO32− + H2O | +0,20 | |
(H+) PO43- /P (2) | PO43- + 8H+ + 5 P + 4H2O | −0,38 | |
(H+) PO43- /PO33- (2) | PO43− + 2H+ + 2 PO33− + H2O | −0,28 | |
(H+) P/PH3 | + 3+ + 3 3 | −0,04 | |
Cl2/2Cl- | Cl2 + 2 2Cl− | +1,36 | |
(H+) ClO3-/Cl- (2) | ClO3− + 6H+ + 6 Cl− + 3H2O | +1,45 | |
(H+) 2ClO3-/Cl2 (2) | 2ClO3− + 12H+ + 10 Cl2 + 6H2O | +1,47 | |
(H+) 2ClO-/Cl2 (2) | 2ClO− + 4H+ + 2 Cl2 + 2H2O | +1,63 | |
Cr3+/Cr | Cr3+ + 3 Cr | −0,74 | |
(2)CrO42- /Cr(OH)3 | CrO42− + 4H2O + 3 Cr(OH)3 + 5OH− | −0,13 | |
(H+) CrO42-/Cr (2) | CrO42- + 8H+ + 6 Cr + 4H2O | +0,37 | |
(H+)CrO42-/CrO2-(2) | CrO42− + 4H+ + 3 CrO2− + 2H2O | +0,95 | |
(H+)Cr2O72-/2Cr3+(2) | Cr2O72− + 14H+ + 6 2Cr 3++ 7H2O | +1,33 | |
(H+) CrO42-/Cr3+ (2) | CrO42−+ 8H+ + 3 Cr3++ 4H2O | +1,48 | |
(H+) As/AsH3 | As + 3H+ + 3 AsH3 | −0,54 | |
Sn2+/Sn | Sn2+ + 2 Sn | −0,14 | |
Fe3+/Fe2+ | Fe3+ + Fe2+ | +0,77 | |
F2/2F- | F2 + 2 2F− | +2,85 | |
12
( )
, | ||
Li+/ Li | Li+ + ē Li | −3,040 |
Rb+/ Rb | Rb+ + ē Rb | −2,925 |
+/ | ++ ē | −2,925 |
Cs+/ Cs | Cs+ + ē Cs | −2,923 |
Ba2+/ Ba | Ba2+ + 2ē Ba | −2,906 |
Ca2+/ Ca | Ca2+ + 2ē Ca | −2,866 |
Na+/ Na | Na+ + ē Na | −2,714 |
Mg2+/ Mg | Mg2+ + 2ē Mg | −2,363 |
Be2+/ Be | Be2++ 2ē | −1,847 |
Al3+/ Al | Al3+ + 3ē Al | −1,662 |
Ti2+/ Ti | Ti2+ + 2ē Ti | −1,628 |
Mn2+/ Mn | Mn2+ + 2ē Mn | −1,180 |
Zn2+/ Zn | Zn2+ + 2ē Zn | −0,763 |
Cr3+/ Cr | Cr3+ + 3ē Cr | −0,744 |
Fe2+/ Fe | Fe2+ + 2ē Fe | −0,440 |
Cd2+/ Cd | Cd2+ + 2ē Cd | −0,403 |
Co2+/ Co | Co2+ + 2ē Co | −0,277 |
Ni2+/ Ni | Ni2+ + 2ē Ni | −0,250 |
Mo3+/Mo | Mo3+ + 3ē Mo | −0,200 |
Sn2+/ Sn | Sn2+ + 2ē Sn | −0,136 |
Pb2+/ Pb | Pb2+ + 2ē Pb | −0,126 |
Fe3+/ Fe | Fe3+ + 3ē Fe | −0,036 |
2H+/ H2 | 2H+ + 2ē H2 | +0,000 |
Sb2+/ Sb | Sb2+ + 2ē Sb | +0,200 |
Bi3+/ Bi | Bi3+ + 3ē Bi | +0,220 |
Cu2+/ Cu | Cu2+ + 2ē Cu | +0,337 |
Hg22+/ 2Hg | Hg22++ 2ē 2Hg | +0,790 |
Ag+/ Ag | Ag+ +ē Ag | +0,799 |
Hg2+/ Hg | Hg2+ +2ē Hg | +0,854 |
Pd2+/ Pd | Pd2+ + 2ē Pd | +0,987 |
Pt2+/ Pt | Pt2+ + 2ē Pt | +1,190 |
Au3+/ Au | Au3+ + 3ē Au | +1,498 |