: , ( ).
. , , , . ( ). , :
3 = + 2↑.
880. 10001200.
. ,
+ 2 = ()2, (∆Ͱ=65,3 /).
. , , . . ()2 2. ( 3):
()2 + 2 = 3.
, , ()2 3, , . : 3 + ()2.
. . S4∙2H2O S4; , S4, , .
S4∙2H2O, , S4∙0,5H2O.
. :
S4∙2H2O = S4∙0,5H2O + 1,5H2O,
150170 ;
S4∙2H2O = S4 + 22 ,
1000 .
. S4∙0,5H2O . , , , .
:
S4∙0,5H2O + 1,52 = S4∙2H2O.
.
, , , .
S4∙2H2O.
|
|
. , .
, 75% () () 25% .
, , .
( ) 100170 5 . . ( VI ). , .
I ( 100). , .
II (500800). (4l2Si2O9) (Al2Si2O7) (SiO2), .
III (9001200). 3 :
3 = + 2↑.
III :
+ Al2O3 = Ca(AlO2)2,
2CaO + SiO2 = Ca2SiO4.
IV (100...1250). (2SiO4): [Ca(AlO2)2] :
Ca(AlO2)2 + 2 = 3(l3)2.
.
V (12501450). . , :
3SiO4 + = Ca3SiO5.
, . 720 .
VI . 10001200.
, , (5% ) , .
. , .
- : (6077 . %), SiO2 (1934%), Al2O3 (47%), Fe2O3 (26%).
- . (), , .
.
, , .
. 11.1 - .
11.1
, % | ||
() | Ca3SiO5 | 4060 |
() | β - Ca2SiO4 (β-2CaOSiO2) | 1540 |
Ca3(AlO3) (3CaOAl2O3) | 515 | |
() | Ca4(AlO3) (FeO2)2 (4CaOAl2O3Fe2O3) | 10 20 |
, . . . , , 2+ , , AlO33-, SiO44- .
|
|
() 3SiO5 , : ∆Ͱ=502,7 /, 70-80%. () , .
3SiO5 + (n+1)2 = 2 SiO4n2 + ()2. | |
, ()2, . , (>12). , .
() β-2SiO4 . ∆Ͱ=259,78 /. . 10% , , .
, , :
β-2SiO4 + n2 = 2SiO4n2. | |
2SO4n2, n=1,17. , . 4SiO4.
, , , Ca(H3SiO4)2, CaH2SiO4, 3(SiO4)2 ..
. , ()2 :
2 β-Ca2SiO4 + 2H2O ↔ Ca3(HSiO4)2 + Ca(OH)2.
(lO3)2 . 850,57 /. , . . 250 3(lO3)262, . :
3(lO3)2 + 62 ↔ 3(lO3)262. | |
. () , , , . , .
, , , , :
(lO3)2 + 3S422 + 252 ↔ (lO3)23S4312. | |
, .
() 4(lO3)2(F2)2
, ,
lO33- ( 3lO3) F22-
( F2). . , , ∆Ͱ=419 /.
|
|
. :
4(lO3)2(F2)2 + (n+2)H2O = 3(lO3)262 + (F2)2n2. | ||
()2, .
1.
1. 810 (CuCl2) .
. , ?
2. CuCl2 . , .
, .
2.
1. CuCl2 . ?
2. , , HCl .
, .
, .
3.
1. 1/4 , 1-2 1 NH4OH.
? ?
NH4OH .
2. NH4Cl .
NH4OH, NH4OH NH4+.
4.
1. 1/4 NaCl (.-), . ?
2. . , .
5. Al(OH)3
1. 1/3 Al2(SO4)3 NH4OH.
? .
2. . (HNO3), (NaOH) .
.
3. Al(OH)3 .
|
|
, , . Al(OH)3 ?
7.
1. ( = 0,1 /) ( = 0,1 /).
2. [+]. :
, / | Cl = 0,1 | H3COOH = 0,1 |
pH | ||
[H+] |
.
.
8.
: NaCl, Na2CO3, Al2(SO4)3, CH3COONH4. :
NaCl | Al2(SO4)3 | ||
Na2CO3 | CH3COONH4 |
- .
, .
1.
1. . .
2. , H2SO4, . , , .
. .
, .
3. 1-2 CuSO4. .
, ?
Zn (H2SO4+CuSO4) Zn/ZnSO4½H2SO4½2H+/H2 (Cu).
Zn | Zn/Cu | Zn | |
H2SO4 | H2SO4 | H2SO4+CuS4 | |
- |
, ?
.
.
2.
1. [Fe2+]. (II) 1-2 3[Fe(CN)6].
:
3Fe2+ + 2Fe [(CN)6]3- = Fe3[ Fe(CN)6]2, | |
.
2. 100 , 3-4 3[Fe(CN)6]. . (Fe/Zn), (Fe/Sn).
.
.
H2SO4 | ||
Fe/ | Fe/Zn | Fe/Sn |
- |
, , .
Fe/Zn Fe/Sn. ?
. , , ?
, (Fe) .
3.
, 3%- NaCl, K3 [Fe(CN)6] .
NaCl , ; K3 [Fe(CN)6] [Fe2+]; , .
. , ( ).
|
|
, ( ) .
( ).
.
.
4. -
1. 1-2 2-3 CuSO4, CuCl2 .
, Al .
2. , CuSO4, NaCl. ?
.
Al | |||
CuSO4 | CuCl2 | CuSO4 + NaCl. | |
- |
Al Cu :
Al + CuSO4 .
, ?
, Cl- , , Al. - - Al ( , ?).