The impact of the road network on all aspects of agriculture must be fully assessed. It is the road network which is one of the greatest consumers of land. Every year large areas are taken for the construction improvement and reallocation of communications systems of rural areas. The land use planners should know, therefore, the fundamental principles and provisions of road and motorway design. These may be summarized as follows:
1. The proposed routing must satisfy all short- and long-term traffic requirements. The routing must be coordinated with the communications system. The agricultural production should be linked with the existing road network.
2. Each motorway must be subject to satisfactory cost-benefit analysis.
3. The motorway must be integrated with the landscape thus minimizing loss of amenities to surrounding communities.
4. Consideration must be given to environmental standards from the user's viewpoint.
5. Lane width must be sufficient to ensure satisfactory standards of safety for all classes of vehicles.
6. Dual carriageways should be provided to reduce the possibility of head-on collisions.
7. Uniform and consistent operating conditions must be provided.
8. There must be specially designed access facilities to enable vehicles to enter and leave with the maximum safety and minimum disturbance.
9. There must be adequate traffic direction signs in order that drivers may have sufficient time to change direction.
10. Service areas, parking and other facilities must be provided in order to allow sufficient rest for drivers, thus reducing strain factor.
Extensive surveys are needed to assist in evaluation of the routing alternatives. These includes traffic, engineering, and land use planning surveys. Sophisticated modeling techniques must be used to stimulate the effects of various estimated traffic flows and densities.
IV. :
a communications system; transportation of people; motorways and farm roads; land network; land-based production; transportation network; residential area; fundamental principles; environmental standards
V. ) , . . :
to want ; to like , ; to wish ; to intend ; to mean ;to expect , ; to think ; to suppose ; to know ; to consider
) , :
1. Scientists do not consider this effect to be an experimental error of any kind. 2. I would like to sit here, to hear professor Maslov give his lecture. 3. The student wanted his friend lo discuss the project of farm communications together with him. 4. The specialists expected the chairman to tell them about the infarm communications system.
|
|
|
VI. , :
1. The great consumer of land in every farm is.... 2. The proposed routing must satisfy all.... 3. Existing road network is usually closely linked with.... 4. The motorway must be integrated with.... 5. All classes of vehicles require lane width... 6. Good access facilities must be specially designed for....7. Sufficient rest for drivers must be....
VII. ) , . . :
to say ; to report ; to expect , ; to consider ; to estimate ; to see ; to hear ; to show ; to find ; to appear ; to seem ; to prove ; is likely ,
) , :
1. A scientist is expected to know the latest achievements in his speciality. 2. It often happens that things turn out to be different from what they at first appear to be. 3. The professor seemed to invite the undergraduates (students) to join him in his research of soil characteristics.
VIII. . ;
1. The sitting of farm roads... and the use of roads is a part of infarm land use planning. 2. The farm road network is... to be an integrated whole of the communications system. 3. It is necessary to reduce the... of motorway on the rural environment. 4. Every year much land is taken for... and farm roads. 5. The design and operation of the farm... must meet the needs of the agro-industrial complex.
IX. , :
1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. . 5. , . 6. , , .
X. , . :
1. The engineers have studied the communications network of that farm. 2. What can you say about the communications of that farm? 3. This farm road network is said to be changed. 4. New motorways and farm roads require much land in every farm. 5. The transportation system of this farm is satisfactory. 6. The system of transportation people to the places of their work has changed since the time I visited the farm last year.
