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:




:

































 

 

 

 


-




- , ² ². . . , . , . . .

. - :

1) , ;

2) ;

3) , ;

4) , ;

5) .

, . , (, ).

-:

: V = const, (1.1)

T = const, m = const.

, V, , - (.1.1.), , , .

-:

1.

V = V 0(1 + a ×t) = const, m = const. (1.2)

2.
( ):

p = p 0 (1 + a× t) V = const, m = const. (1.3)

(1.2) (1.3) , 0 , .

 

, , , (. 1.2.).

, , (. 1.3.).

(1.2) (1.3) , t = -1/a= - 273,15 . , .

(1.2) (1.3) , - :

V = V 0 (1+a t) = = V 0 [1+ a(T -1/a)] = = V 0 a T;

p = p 0 (1+a t) = p 0 [1+ a(T -1/a)] = p 0 a T;

p = const, m = const; (1.4)

V = const, m = const, (1.5)

1 2 , .

:

.

V m,0 = 22,41×10-3 3/. , , : NA = 6,022×1023-1.

:

1, 2, 3 n, :

= 1 + 2 + 3 + + n.

, , , , .

( -)

, . :

f (p, V, T) = 0.

(, V, T) . (, , ) . , , . , , .

. , -, -, :

. (1.6)

(1.6) , . .

.. , (1.6) V m. , V m .. . R R = 8,31 .

- :

p V m. = R T.

(1.7) - :

, (1.7)

m ( , / ); m - ; - .

, : .

(1.7) :

, (1.8)

( ). , . . , 1 3 , :

NL = 2,68× 1025 -3.

-

- . - .

, , , . D S , .

, , . , .

, N , , 1/3 , ( . 1/6 ) , ( 1/6) - . , , , , ()

D 1= m 0 v ( m 0 v) = 2 m 0 v.

, , : N = 1/6 n D Sv D t.

D P = N ×D P 1 =2 m 0 v n D S v D t= m0 v 2 n D S D t,

n . , , :

= = n m 0 v 2. (1.9)

: v 1, v 2, , vn, . , , :

.

(1.9) :

(1.10)

(1.10) - .

, , :

V = N = , (1.11)

. , .

m = m, - :

p V m . = R T,

(1.11) , p V m . = v ñ 2 , :

RT = v ñ 2.

á v ñ = = = ,

k = R / NA = 1,38×10-23 / . 480 /, 1900 /.

-

. - (1.14) - p V = n R T.

, e0 (n = N / NA, k = R / NA):

.

- : , . , : = 0 . , , .

. - : , .

: . , , , .

(i) , .

, , : , z. , .

5 (. 1.4): 3 2 .

6 : 3 3 (. 1.5).

, .

 

- . , , . , . , . , , :

. (1.12)

i , :

. (1.13)

, , áeñ :

. (1.14)

, .

( ). .

.

, , , , . , . .

,

f (v) , v v + dv. , :

. (1.15)

. 1.6. , , . , f (v) :

.


, f (v) , vB.

v = 0 v = ¥ (1.15). , (1.23) :

= = 1,41

(.1.6), , , . , , . .

.

 

= 1,73 .

, .

. , (1.15) :

.

, :

.

. . - , , . . , , , :

. (1.16)

(1.16) . , , . h1 , , :

.

, = nkT:

,

n h, m 0 gh = . , . , . 1.7.

,





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