( , ) / (, ). , .
:
(PAN, Personal Area Network)
(LAN, Local Area Network)
(MAN, Metropolitan Area Network)
(WAN, Wide Area Network)
a) (. Personal Area Network, PAN) , . (, , , , ...). Bluetooth, (Zigbee, ).
b) (, , . ; . Local Area Network, LAN) , (, , , ). , 12 500 ( ). , .
c) (Metropolitan area network, MAN) ( . ) , WAN, , LAN.
d) , (. Wide Area Network, WAN) , .
. . : , , , .
. . - , .
:
1. "" (bus);
2. (star);
3. (ring);
4. "" "" (Token Ring).
( ) , (). - ( - ). , . , .. , . , , , . , . , .. , .
|
|
1
Ethernet ( 10Base-5 10Base-2 ).
:
5. ;
6. ;
7. .
:
8. ;
9. ;
10.
( ) (hub). , , , , .
2
. , , . , .. , .
10Base-T Ethernet.
:
11. ;
12. ;
13. .
:
14. ;
15. ;
( ), . . , , , . .
3
. , . - .
. , .
|
|
, - , .
Token Ring
" ". (Token Ring) . - , .
( ). , , . - , . .
() . , , , . , .
4 Token Ring
Token Ring , . ( ). , , .
. , , , . , .
( -) , . , , .
Token Ring:
16. ;
17. , .
Token Ring: .
4.
:
1. . 2. IP-. 3. . 4. Internet
Internet 1990- . , . , Internet. Internet.
. , Internet . Internet ,
, . Internet . Internet . . , Internet (Internet Architecture Board IAB) . Internet . Internet Internet, .
|
|
1.
Internet , Internet (Internet Service Provider). () Internet, Internet Internet. .
. Internet . , . Internet - . Web-, Web-.
(Online Services). , Internet, . CompuServe America Online. Internet. Internet:
Internet. , , .
, Internet, . , Internet , .
Internet (, , , ). Internet .
, Internet; Internet. , , .
, . , (dial-up access) ; , , ISDN-, , , , .
ISDN , ISDN-. ISDN- ISDN-.
|
|
Web-, , (leased line). Internet. . , . 56 / 45 /. 1,5-2 /.
, frame relay . . Frame relay , . frame relay 1,5 /.
frame relay, , (Permanent Virtual Circuit PVC), . , , PVC , , PVC . frame relay , . , . ( , ), frame relay .
IP-
, . Internet Internet , IP. IP- () 1 254, . IP-: 10.18.49.102. IP- 0 255, . 255 IP. 0 . , 102 10.18.49.102. 10.18.49.0 , 0.0.0.102 .
IP- , , . Internet , . : . ( ) . .
: . () . () .
: . . .
IP- Internet. , IP-. , Novell Internet Ware Microsoft Windows NT, , IP-. , IP- , Internet. 1993 Internet (Internet Network Information Center InterNIC), (Domain Name System DNS).
IP-. , comsys.mgu. ru, IP 10.18.49.102. , hostname. (DNS), , , IP-. IP- , .
|
|
IP-, comsys. , , - Internet. . , .
,
, , .
, fatex.interline.ivanovo.ru . ru
, . ,
,
, , . ,
. - ,. f , . nl .
,
:
S com ( )
S gov ( )
S mil ( )
S edu ( )
S org ( )
S net (, )
■S int ( )
, , , IP-. , .interline , fatex "". . IP-. - Internet-, . IP- . , , , Internet-. , . , (root name server), , IP-, , .corn. ( , ) InterNIC. IP- , , . . IP- . , .
, . , www , World Wide Web ( Web), Internet-.
World Wide Web, , (Hyper Text Markup Language HTML), , HTML. Web- (HTTP), , HTML . , Web- Web-. Internet Web-.
, (File Transfer Protocol FTP).
. , - FTP-, , FTP- . , - ftp://vector.isuct.ru/