, , . ( ), .
.
, .
, - - .
- :
. 5. - .
I | II | III | IY | Y | YI | |
Li+, Na+, K+, NH+ | Ag+, Hg2+, Pb2+ | Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ | Al3+,Cr3+, Zn2+,Sn2+, Sn4+,As3+, As5+ | Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Bi3+, Sb3+, Sb5+ | Cu2+, Hg2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+ | |
HCl | H2SO4 | NaOH | NaOH | NH3 | ||
- | MCl, MCl2 - | MSO4 - | M(OH)n NaOH | M(OH)n NaOH | M(OH)n NH3 |
+, Na+,
Na+, K+, NH4+ , , . : KHC4H4O6, (NH4)2Na[Co(NO2)6], NaHSbO4.
Na+, K+, NH4+ . . : KmnO4 , K2Cr2O7 .
Na+, K+ , , . NH4+ :
NH4+ + H2O Û NH4OH + H+
, , , , , .
I , .
K+ Na+ - . NH4+ ( , ..) . .
I , , , .
K+ Na+ .
+
|
|
H2C4H4O6
:
KNO3 + H2C4H4O6 + CH3COONa = NaNO3 + CH3COOH + KHC4H4O6 ¯
. + .
+ = 3,4. , , , 3Na. - + 3, + .
K+ , - NaHC4H4O6, + 3Na:
2-3 KNO3, 2-3 3Na. , , .
:
1. = 3,4
2. .
3. KNO3 H2C4H4O6, ( 1:1000).
4. .
5. .
+, H2C4H4O4 (NH4)2C4H4O6
5 , . 2 - 3 (HCl, HNO3, H2SO4) - :
KHC4H4O6 + HCl H2C4H4O6 + KCl
2-3 3 - :
2-3 (NaOH, KOH) - :
KHC4H4O6 + NaOH KnaC4H4O6 + H2O
2-3 (NH4OH) - :
KHC4H4O6 + NH4OH KNH4C4H4O6 + H2O
10 - ( ).