1. қ
+6 1
K2Cr2O7 + HCl → KCl + Cl2 + MnCl2 + H2O
Mn+7 +5e → Mn+2 2
2Cl − −2e → Cl2 5
2.
(NH4)2 Cr2O7 → N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O
2N 3 −6e → N20 1
2Cr+6 +6e → 2Cr+3 1
3. қ ()
0 1 +1
Cl2 + NaOH → NaCl + NaClO + H2O
+3 +5 +2
HNO2 → HNO3 + NO + H2O
4. қ ()
2 +4
H2S + SO2 → S + 2H2O
S 2 −2e → S0 2
S +4 −2e → S0 1
-3 +5 +1
NH4NO3 → N2O + 2H2O
N -3 - 3e → N +1 1
N +5 4e → N +1 1
: ƒ (KMnO4) =
ң :
M (KMnO4) = ƒ (KMnO4) = 158 = 31,6 /
қ ң :
+7 +4 +2 +6
KMnO4 + Na 2SO3 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + MnSO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O
Mn+7 +5 → Mn+2 2
S+4 −2e → S+6 5
ƒ (KMnO4) =
+7 +4 +6 +4
KMnO4 + Na 2SO3 + H2O → Na2SO4 + MnO2 + KOH
Mn+7 +3 → Mn+4 2
S+4 −2e → S+6 3
ƒ (KMnO4) =
+7 1 +6 0
KMnO4 + NBr + KOH → K2MnO4 + H2O + Br2
Mn+7 +1 → Mn+6 2 ƒ (KMnO4) = 1
2Br 1 −2e → Br2 1
қғ қғ
+7
KMnO4 ү қғ 0Mn O4− / Mn2+ = 1,51 B.
+7
MnO4− → Mn+2 (ққ )
+7 +4
MnO4− → MnO2 ( )
+7 +6
MnO4− → MnO42− ( )
Cr+6
Cr2O72− CrO42−
қ. . o
E0Cr2O72−/Cr3+ = +1,33 B
CrO42− + 2H+ ↔ Cr2O72− + H2O
. қ.
H2SO4 − − ү қғ.
+6 +4 −2
H2SO4 → SO2 → S0 → H2S
+6 0 +2 +4
2H2SO4 + Cu → CuSO4 + SO2↑ + 2H2O
0 +2
4H2SO4 + 3Zn → S + ZnSO4 + 4H2O
−2 +2
5H2SO4 + 4Mg → H2S + 4MgSO4 + 4H2O
HNO3 − − ү қғ.
+5
HNO3
Al, Cr, Fe Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr қ Me Cu, Pb, NO2
ә ө
N2O
+5
HNO3 − ұғ
: N2O / N2 u, Pb, NO
HNO3 − ө ұғ
: NH3 (NH4NO3)
қ ә.
KMnO4 + Na2SO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
SO3 2 + H2O −2e → SO42− + 2H+ 5
MnO4− +8H+ +5e → Mn+2 + 4H2O 2
5SO32 + 2MnO4− + 6H+ = 5SO42 + 2Mn2+ + 3H2O
|
|
SO32 + 2OH− −2e → SO42− + H2O 1
MnO4− +e → MnO42− 2
SO32 + 2MnO4− + 2OH− = SO42 + 2MnO4− + H2O
Na2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + K2MnO4 + Na2MnO4 + H2O
қ .
Cu 2+ +2 → Cu
Zn2+ +2e → Zn
RT RT
E = E0 + ℓn a (Cu2+) = E0 + 2,3 ℓg a (Cu2+)
nF nF
OX + ne ↔ Red
RT a (OX)
E = E0 + 2,3 ℓg
nF a(Red)
R ұқ 8,314 / ∙
F 96500 ( )
n ē ; ,
a , /
E0 -қ ,
ғ қ
: SO32 + H2O −2e → SO42− + 2H
0,059 [SO42−] [H+]2
E = E0 + ℓg
|
2H+ + 2e = H2
P = 1
T = 298
E0 = 0,
1.
− ∆G0 = nFE
− ∆G0 ≤ 0 ү
− ∆G0 ≥ 0 ү
− ∆G0 = ү ң
2. Қ
Қ = E0 = E0Red > 0 ү.
Cu2+ + Zn → Cu0 + Zn2+
E0Cu2+/Cu = +0,34 B;
E0Zn2+/Zn = −0,76 B;
|
(−) (+)
+ → қ − → ғ
- ғұ қ ң қ, ғұ ң қ
Cu (+ 0,34 B); Zn (− 0,74 B)
(1) (2)
- Li − Al − H2O +2e → H2↑ + 2OH −
- Mn, Fe − Mn2+ +2 → Mn0
H2O +2e → H2 + 2OH −
ү An ғ
S2−; J −; Br −;Cl −... OH −(H2O) NO3−; SO4−; F −
2Cl− −2 → Cl2 2H2O +4e → 4H + + O2
S 2+ −2 → S0
қ
- NaCl ↔ Na + + Cl
() (+)
Na + + → Na 2Cl− −2 → Cl2
-
2NaCl → 2Na + Cl2
NaOH ↔ Na + + OH
() Na + + → Na (+) 4OH − −4e → 2H2O + O2
ң :
NaCl + H2O
NaCl ↔ Na + + Cl
H2O ↔ H + + OH
() 2H + +2 → H2 (+) 2Cl− − 2 → Cl2
Na2SO4 + H2O 2Na + + SO42−
H + + OH
() 2H + +2 → H2 (+) 4OH − −4e → O2 + 2H2O
CuCl2 + H2O Cu 2 + +2 → 2Cl−
H + + OH
() Cu 2+ +2 → Cu0 (+) 2Cl− − 2 → Cl2
CuSO4 + H2O Cu2+ + SO42−
H + + OH
() Cu 2+ +2 → Cu0 (+) 4OH − −4e → 2H2O + O2
ң ғ
= ƒ 2 96500
J τ J τ = Q
( )
ƒ 2 J τ
=
ң қ ө
- қ
|
|
1) қ қ Cu Zn ( )
|
Zn0/ Zn2− || Cu 2+ / Cu0
/ || /
Zn −2e → Zn2+
Cu 2+ +2 → Cu0
Zn0 + Cu 2+ → Zn2+ + Cu0
2)
Pb H2SO4 PbO2 ққ қғ
ғ
: PbSO4 + 2H + +2e → Pb0 + H2SO4
: PbSO4 + 2H2O −2e → PbO2 + H2SO4 + 2H +
ғ
: Pb + H2SO4 −2e → PbSO4 + 2H +
: PbO2 + H2SO4 + 2H + +2e → PbSO4 + 2H2O
3) :
N2H4
(−) (+)
O2 + 2H2O +4e → 4OH − N2H4 + 4OH − −4e → N2 + H2O
Қ. . N2H4 + O2 → N2 + H2O