It is difficult to say whether this transformation is lexical or grammatical it is both. Its lexical aspects imply adding words, word combinations or even the whole sentences or their parts when: there is a strong necessity to make some explanations of transcribed words, describe the notions which have no names in TL, add the words implied but not expressed in the structure of phrases, etc. However, in all these cases the structure of a sentence in involved, therefore the transformation is looked at as grammatical one. Sometimes grammatical reasons to add new words appear. It happens when meaning is expressed grammatically in the original text while there is no way to express it grammatically in translation, e.g. in English the articles are used to differentiate between the author and his creation:
the jewel of his collection an Israels or Madame Lamotte, who was still in front of the Meissonier . (J. Galsworthy).
In Ukrainian in both sentences we have to add the word :
and , .
In another example the existence of a special form of possessive case in English allows using the names in the absolute possessive construction: Of course, I found Georges and Harriss eighteen times over (Jerome K.Jerome). In Ukrainian the corresponding grammatical form is that of genitive case, the use of which would create an undesirable ambiguity: . It is appropriate to add the word implied in the sentence: , , .
When using the transformation of addition one should be very careful to add only the elements which really have to be added:
McDermot spoke briefly into the telephone, then waited again.
.
Certain semantic components remain formally unexpressed in English word combinations, particularly in structure Noun + Noun which is very typical of English:
pay claim (pay offer) ()
wage strike
gun license
oil countries -
electricity cut 㳿
labor spy , ( )
veneer machine ( )
strike ballot
round robin ( )
The same formal non-expression of some semantic components in surface structure of word combinations is also observed in the word combinations like Adjective + Noun, especially in the case, when they have terminological character:
solid engine ( )
logical computer , ( )
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the Un-American Committee ( ).
Sometimes addition is stipulated by purely stylistic considerations:
She never used scent, and she had always thought it rather fast, but Eau de Cologne was so refreshing (S. Maugham, Before the Party).
, , , .
Causative constructions with the verbs to have, to get also require adding words in translation:
I cant have her getting her death of cold and then not being fit for work.
, .
I had him read t he script last night.
( , ) .
Trinomial constructions to find (to see) oneself doing smth. are also translated with the help of Object added:
She found herself humming as she crossed the street.
, , .
Both grammatical and lexical transformations not infrequently require inserting additional elements, or visa versa, omitting them. Therefore omission and addition often go parallel with other types of grammatical transformations, more often with replacements of parts of speech. Insertion of additional words is stipulated by a number of reasons: differences in sentence structure and the fact that more compressed English sentences require more expanded expression of thought in Ukrainian. The lack of a corresponding word or lexical-semantic variant of a given word is also a reason for inserting additional words in translation:
Weathermen said here today that typhoon June, earlier thought to be heading toward Japan, would probably miss these already battered islands. (Morning Star)
, , , , , , .
Complex Nominative + Infinitive with two omitted elements (which was...) is unfolded into a subordinate clause plus introductory sentences:... , , ... So, the differences in the sentence structure required addition in translation.
In the next sentence addition is caused by the lack of a noun equal to the word conservationists in Ukrainian:
The actions of Congress and of North Carolina and Tennessee statesmen, aided by-gifts of wise conservationists have set this land aside as Great Smoky National Park. (National Geographic)
-ճ ϳ , , .
The word conservationists was rendered by two words: ; from the compatibility considerations the adjective wise is translated by the participial construction, by introducing additional words . To correctly understand the sentence the words and were introduced. The last addition was made on the basis of a broad context. Passive participle aided is rendered by preposition . One should note lexical-grammatical transformation: have set this land aside .
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