Xi yi
yi = a + bXi, (14)
b (14) . b, yi Xi:
(15)
(16)
b Sy2,
(17)
yi ; Yi (14).
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b :
(18)
(19)
(9).
yi = a + bXi :
(20)
r , yi Xi .
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IV. :
1. .. , .., ... . ., 1990, . 12-24.
2. .. . ., 1978, . 175-187.
3. .., ..C. . ., 1999, . 59-67.
4. .. . - ., , 2001, . 186-201.
5. .
V. :
1. . , .
2. , : , , , , , ( ) :
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10. 2 1 13, ?
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11. , U . H U?
12. . ?
VII. :
1. ( ) 5 10 196 .
. p 1 = p 2 = 196 , V 1 = 5 , V 2 = 10 . : T 1 = p 1 V 1 / nR, T 2 = p 2 V 2 / nR. (C V = 3/2 nR - ):
U = C V (T 2- T 1) = 3/2 nR (T 2- T 1) = 3/2 (p 2 V 2 - p 1 V 1) = 3/2 (196. 103) (10-5). 10-3 = 1470 .
. 1470 .
2. 100. , , . 100 2260 /.
.
H2O() H2O()
p = 1 V 1 = nRT / p = 0.082 ´ 373 = 30.6 V 2 ~ 0.018 . :
A = p (V 2- V 1) - pV 1 = -101.3 30.6 = -3100 .
2260 / ´ 18 = 40700 , , , :
Q = -40700 .
:
U = Q - A = -40700 - (-3100) = -37600 ,
- :
H = U + (pV) = U + p V = U + A = Q = -40700 .
, .. .
. A = -3100 , Q = H = -40700 , U = -37600 .
2-1. , 10 16 101.3 , 126 . .
2-2. , , 0.5 4 3 ( : 26.8 , 93.2 ).
2-3. , 25 oC 100 , 5 . , , D U D H.
2-4. ( ) 80 200 .
2-5. 16 300 500 1 ? ?
2-6. :
V 1 V 2:
W | |
p | |
2-7. , 1 , . A, Q, D U, D H . 40.6 /.
2-8. , 600 3 20 25 . , - , . D U D H .
2-9. 59. , , . 59 184.1 /.
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1. .. , .., ... . ., 1990, . 24-34.
2. ... . ., 1978, . 190-199.
3. .., ..C. . ., 1999, . 67-81.
4. .. . - ., , 2001, . 217-234.
5. .
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VII. :
3-1. 298 -285.8 -241.8 /, . .
. :
H2() + 1/2O2() = H2O(), D H 10 = -285.8;
H2() + 1/2O2() = H2O(), D H 20 = -241.8.
: , :
H2O() = H2O(), D H 0 =?
, ,
D H 10 + D H 0 = D H 20,
D H 0 = -241.8 - (-285.8) = 44.0 /.
. 44.0 /.
3-2.
6C() + 6H() = C6H6()
) ; ) , , C6H6 .
. ) ( /) D fH 0(C6H6()) = 82.93, D fH 0(C()) = 716.68, D fH 0(H()) = 217.97. :
D rH 0 = 82.93 - 6 ´716.68 - 6´ 217.97 = -5525 /.
) , . C6H6 6 C- H, 3 C- C 3 C=C. ( /): E (C- H) = 412, E (C- C) = 348, E (C=C) = 612. :
D rH 0 = -(6´ 412 + 3´ 348 + 3´612) = -5352 /.
-5525 / , C- C C=C, 6 C¸ C.
. ) -5525 /; ) -5352 /.
3-3. ,
3Cu() + 8HNO3(aq) = 3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO() + 4H2O()
298 .
. :
3Cu() + 8H+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) = 3Cu2+(aq) + 2NO() + 4H2O().
, :
D rH 0 = 4D fH 0(H2O()) + 2D fH 0(NO()) + 3D fH 0(Cu2+(aq)) - 2D fH 0(NO3-(aq))
( H+ , , 0). , :
D rH 0 = 4´ (-285.8) + 2´ 90.25 + 3´64.77 - 2´ (-205.0) = -358.4
( ).
. -358.4 .
3-4. 1000 , 298 : D fH 0(CH4) = -17.9 /, D fH 0(CO2) = -94.1 /, D fH 0(H2O()) = -57.8 /. ( /(. )) 298 1000 :
Cp (CH4) = 3.422 + 0.0178. T, Cp (O2) = 6.095 + 0.0033. T,
Cp (CO2) = 6.396 + 0.0102. T, Cp (H2O()) = 7.188 + 0.0024. T.
.
CH4() + 2O2() = CO2() + 2H2O()
298 :
D rH 0 = -94.1 + 2´ (-57.8) - (-17.9) = -191.8 /.
:
D Cp = Cp (CO2) + 2´ Cp (H2O()) - Cp (CH4) - 2´ Cp (O2) = 5.16 - 0.0094 T (/(. )).
1000 :
= + = -191800 + 5.16 ´(1000-298) - 0.0094´(10002-2982)/2 = -192500 /.
. -192.5 /.
3-1. 500 Al (.. 658 , D H 0 = 92.4 /), , , Cp (Al) = 0.183 + 1.096 10-4 T /( )?
3-2. CaCO3() = CaO() + CO2(), 1000 , 169 /. , , ?
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3-3. N2O5() T = 298 :
2NO() + O2() = 2NO2(), D H 10 = -114.2 /,
4NO2() + O2() = 2N2O5(), D H 20 = -110.2 /,
N2() + O2() = 2NO(), D H 30 = 182.6 /.
3-4. a-, b- 25 -2802,
-2810 -5644 /, . .
3-5. B2H6() T = 298 :
B2H6() + 3O2() = B2O3() + 3H2O(), D H 10 = -2035.6 /,
2B() + 3/2 O2() = B2O3(), D H 20 = -1273.5 /,
H2() + 1/2 O2() = H2O(), D H 30 = -241.8 /.
3-6. T = 298 :
ZnS = Zn + S, D H 10 = 200.5 /,
2ZnS + 3O2 = 2ZnO + 2SO2, D H 20 = -893.5 ,
2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3, D H 30 = -198.2 /,
ZnSO4 = ZnO + SO3, D H 40 = 235.0 /.
3-7. D rH 0298
CH4 + Cl2 = CH3Cl() + HCl(),
(D cH 0(CH4) = -890.6 /), (D cH 0(CH3Cl) = -689.8 /), (D cH 0(H2) = -285.8 /) HCl (D fH 0(HCl) = -92.3 /)).
3-8.
NH3 + 5/4 O2 = NO + 3/2 H2O()
T = 298 K, :
H2O() = H2O(), D H 10 = -44 /,
1/2N2 + 3/2H2 = NH3, D H 20 = -46.2 /,
H2 + 1/2O2 = H2O(), D H 30 = -285.8 /,
NO = 1/2N2 + 1/2O2, D H 40 = -91.3 /.
3-9. 10 D rH 298 = -79.91 , 20 D rH 298 = -76.76 . . D fH 0298(Na2O), D fH 0298(H2O) = -285.8 /.
3-10. H2 432.1 /, N2 945.3 /. , -46.2 /?
3-11.
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O,
298 .
3-12. 298
CaSO4() + Na2CO3(aq) = CaCO3() + Na2SO4(aq)
3-13. , .
3-14. CH3OH() + 3/2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O() :
() =
D Cp 500 .
3-15. Al2O3() 298 -1675 /. Al2O3() 800 , ( /(. )):
Cp (Al) = 20.67 + 12.39. 10-3 T, Cp (O2) = 31.46 + 3.39. 10-3 T - 3.77. 105 T -2,
Cp (Al2O3) = 114.56 + 12.89. 10-3 T - 34.31. 105 T -2.
3-16. 900 1 178 /. , 1 1000 1 , ( /(. )):
Cp (aCO3()) = 104.5 + 21.92. 10-3 T - 25.94. 105 T -2,
Cp (aO()) = 49.63 + 4.52. 10-3 T - 6.95. 105 T -2,
Cp (CO2()) = 44.14 + 9.04. 10-3 T - 8.53. 105 T -2.
3-17. , 25 1 , . :
Cp = 5.34 + 0.0115. T /(. ).
D U D H . .
3-18. 104 . - . ? - 2260 /. , ? , - 65 , .
3-19. , 298.15 248.44 . C V?
3.20. : ) , ) -, ) :
C2H5
NH2C6H4COOCH2CH2-N
C2H5
3.21. : ) , ) , ) .
VIII. :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
1
, . . , , . , , . , , , . QV=DU, .. 0.
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,
DH , ;
Dt - ;
- .
, 10 :
Dt = 1C, = D
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mi , ;
ci - .
, Dt m DH.
:
,
m ,
, /.
:
1. | 1. 0,5 400 . , . |
2. . | 1. , 5 30-60 . |
3. , . | 1. 5- , , 11,4 . . 5 . |
4. Dt . . . | 1. . 2. (, ), (t, ) 1 =0,5 1 , (t, ). Dt. Dt 10 = 10 , Dt 10 = 5 -10 . , t0 C = f (t) : 1 2 - 3 EF = Dt. |
5. . | 1. : , : DH(KCl) = / (. ) M(KCl) = 74,5 / |