. :
, - ( ) + , - ( ) , . , :
H3PO4 + 2KOH K2HPO4 + 2H2O.
, , + ( 2). H3PO4 1/2H3PO4, .. H3PO4 +, + H3PO4.
, , , 1/2 . 1/234, .
, , , (f ). , , 1. 1.1.
, , - , :
f ( ) º |
, , , , 1/2, 1.
H3PO4 . :
H3PO4 + 3KOH K3PO4 + 3H2O f (H3PO4) = 1/3
H3PO4 + KOH K2PO4 + H2O f (H3PO4) = 1.
, , . , . - , .
1.1
, () | ||
, n () ( ), () | f (H2) = 1/(2×1) = 1/2; f (O2) = 1/(2×2) = 1/4; f (Cl2) = 1/(2×1) = 1/2; f (O3) = 1/(3×2) = 1/6 | |
, n () ( ), () | f (Cr2O3) = 1/(2×3) = 1/6; f (CrO) = 1/(1×2) = 1/2; f (H2O) = 1/(2×1) = 1/2; f (P2O5) = 1/(2×5) = 1/10 | |
, n (H+) ( ) | f (H2SO4) = 1/1 = 1 ( 1) f (H2SO4) = 1/2 ( 2) | |
, n (H) - ( ) | f (Cu(OH)2) = 1/1 = 1 ( 1) f (Cu(OH)2) = 1/2 ( 2) | |
, n () ( ), () ; n () , () | f (Cr2(SO4)3) = 1/(2×3) = 1/6 ( ) f (Cr2(SO4)3) = 1/(3×2) = 1/6 ( ) | |
- | , , | Fe2+ + 2 Fe0 f (Fe2+) =1/2; MnO4 + 8H+ + 5 Mn2+ + 4H2O f (MnO4) = 1/5 |
, z | f (SO42) = 1/2 |
. : ) ZnCl2, ) 3, ) (MgOH)2SO4.
|
|
: , 1.1.
) ZnCl2 ( ):
.
f (ZnCl2) = 1/2, ZnCl2 1/2ZnCl2.
) 3 ( ):
.
f (3) = 1, 3 3.
) (MgOH)2SO4 ( ):
.
f ((MgOH)2SO4) = 1/2, (MgOH)2SO4 1/2(MgOH)2SO4.
5.
, I , II .
I | II | |||||
ρ, / | , | ρ, / | ||||
34 | ω = 10% | 1,053 | = 0,1 / | - | ||
12 | = 0,1 / | - | = 0,001 / | - | ||
113 | = 0,1 / | - | = 0,01 / | - | ||
= 2 / | 1,095 | ω = 4% | 1,035 | |||
12 | = 0,02 / | - | = 0,1 / | - | ||
CuSO4 | = 0,2 / | - | = 0,05 / | - | ||
H2SO4 | ω = 15% | 1,12 | ω = 8% | 1,055 | ||
Na2CO3 | = 1,0 / | - | = 0,001 / | - | ||
A1(NO3)2 | = 0,5 / | - | = 0,1 / | - | ||
NaOH | ω = 5% | 1,055 | = 0,09 / | - | ||
Ca(NO3)2 | = 0,2 / | - | = 1,1 / | - | ||
CdCl2 | = 0,1 / | - | T = 0,001 / | - | ||
HC1 | ω = 20% | 1,100 | = 0,1 / | - | ||
CoCl2 | = 0,5 / | - | = 0,2 / | - | ||
CrCl3 | = 0,01 / | - | = 0,01 / | - | ||
HNO3 | ω = 20% | 1,115 | = 0,01 / | - | ||
FeCl3 | = 0,5 / | - | = 0,005 / | - | ||
K2CO3 | = 0,05 / | - | = 0,03 / | - | ||
KOH | = 0,2 / | - | ω = 10% | 1,095 | ||
K2S | = 4 / | - | = 0,5 / | - | ||
Mg(NO3)2 | = 3 / | - | = 0,5 / | - | ||
H2SO4 | ω = 96% | 1,840 | 10 000 | T = 0,01 / | - | |
Na2S | = 2,5 / | - | = 0,5 / | - | ||
K2SO4 | = 0,6 / | - | = 1 / | - | ||
NaOH | T = 0,1 / | - | ω = 5% | 1,055 |
|
|
TV=m=CVM
m =*
m-=m *w
m-=m-*w
V-=m-/
Ceq | = | |
----- | ||
feq |
/
1.1
, () | ||
, n () ( ), () | f (H2) = 1/(2×1) = 1/2; f (O2) = 1/(2×2) = 1/4; f (Cl2) = 1/(2×1) = 1/2; f (O3) = 1/(3×2) = 1/6 | |
, n () ( ), () | f (Cr2O3) = 1/(2×3) = 1/6; f (CrO) = 1/(1×2) = 1/2; f (H2O) = 1/(2×1) = 1/2; f (P2O5) = 1/(2×5) = 1/10 | |
, n (H+) ( ) | f (H2SO4) = 1/1 = 1 ( 1) f (H2SO4) = 1/2 ( 2) | |
, n (H) - ( ) | f (Cu(OH)2) = 1/1 = 1 ( 1) f (Cu(OH)2) = 1/2 ( 2) | |
, n () ( ), () ; n () , () | f (Cr2(SO4)3) = 1/(2×3) = 1/6 ( ) f (Cr2(SO4)3) = 1/(3×2) = 1/6 ( ) | |
- | , , | Fe2+ + 2 Fe0 f (Fe2+) =1/2; MnO4 + 8H+ + 5 Mn2+ + 4H2O f (MnO4) = 1/5 |
, z | f (SO42) = 1/2 |