READING
TBILISI STUDIES SHAKESPEARE
The Shakespeare Studies Center in Tbilisi, capital of Georgia, - a part of its university's department of Romance () and Germanic languages has many early editions of the plays, a large library of books about Shakespeare, including many in Georgian and Russian, and books given by Shakespearian centres in Statford-on-Avon, Washington and Weimar and also tapes () of famous actors and actresses reading Shakespeare.
The center has built up a great reputation and many foreign scholars (-) have visited it and lectured there.
A Shakespeare symposium it organized attracted scholars and actors from all-over the world.
The center often helps with the productions (. ) of the plays which Georgian audiences have long loved, among them productions of Romeo and Juliet and King Lew at the Rustaveli Theatre in Tbilisi.
SCIENCE
Iron's Early History
No one knows how long man has used iron. Iron one is to be found in lmost all countries, and primitive man in many lands knew how to use it many centuries ago.
One can only guess () as to the way man first learned that ore could be melted and used for his tools. Perhaps some primitive man's camp fire first smelted () iron by accident. Legend says that fifteen hundred years before Christ (1) a forest fire showed the people of the island of Crete () how to make iron. Pictures which date back to thirty-five hundred years before Christ show Egyptians smelting iron with the air of a goat-skin bellows ( ). However (2) man may have found out how to make iron, it was made by the same method in ancient times in Africa, in China, in India, as well as in the countries around the Mediterranean. to England Caesar 0 found the Britons making iron very much as the explorer may still find it made in remote parts of Africa and Asia. Even the Romans were unable to make much improvement on the process of making iron. Rome produced thus all the metal with which Caesar armed his victorious legions. The iron which held together the oak of Columbus's ships was made in a simple fire-place like a blacksmith's forge. Iron for Washington's cannon and musket (3) was made in tall furnaces not unlike big stone chimneys (4). The fire was fed by the forced draft commonly produced by a water wheel.
We must not think that because the ancients had difficulty in making iron they could not make good iron. The fact is that their product was as good as, and even better than, most of the iron we have today. The stories are true of the splendid shinning swords of ancient heroes. We have learned merely how to make iron more easily and more cheaply. The principle of iron-making has always been the same, whether it was (5) in Central Africa or Rome, in the time of George Washington or Andrew Carnegie (6); hot fire smelts the iron out of the ore.
Coelacanth (7)
The Smithsonian Institution (8) has put on exhibit a "living fossil" fish, the coelacanth, in the coelacanth, in the National Museum. Another is at the Amercan Museum of Natural History. The coelacanth was believed by scientists to have become extinct 0 70,000,000 years ago. But a specimen was caught alive in 1938 in the Indian Ocean off South Africa; since 1952, twelve have been caught near Madagascar. The coelacanth has two pairs of limb-like fins (9) and a rudimentary lung. These are like those from which the legs, arms and lungs of man and other land vertebrates () could have evolved. Palaeontologists have traced the ancestry (, ) of the coelacanth back 325,000,000 years to the group of creatures () from which all land vertebrates descended (). The specimen put on exhibit in Washington is a forty-three-pound fifty-one inch male ().
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No star is ever lost we once have seen,
We always may be what we might have been. (10)
Adelaide Anne Procter (England, 1825-1864)
(1) before Christ [kraist] ( B.C) -
(2) However - (. however )
(3) Washington's cannon and musket - . Cannon .
(4) not unlike... chimneys - ... . not, un - . : " ".
(5) whether it was... - , ...
(6) Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) - , " "
(7) coelacanth ['si.'lqkxnT] - ()
(8) Smithsonian Institution - . (2) 20
(9) limb-like fins - ,
(10) We always may be what we might have been - , (.. )
I. :
seems to have been a good man of business.
?
II. -: ) ; ) ; ) , We cannot compare his knowledge... , , .
III. :
Few letters were written and less were kept. During this period as little is known of him as of Cromwell during the same period; as little, but no less.
IV. ; , :
1. I shall be happy to see you again. 2. We knew him to be a good husband. 3. We wanted to know her daughter's age. 4. Her son was the first to develop this entirely new idea. 5. He appear to have received a very good education. 6. This leather coat seems to be very heavy. 7. That is not the way to cut bread. 8. We knew the corn to be quite dry. 9. That is all you need to know. 10. He seems to have read a great deal of classic writers. 11. The book seems to consist of short stories. 12. There was no time to lose. No time seems to have been lost. 14. We know Shakespeare's father to have been a dealer in meat, corn and leather. 15 His name is to be included in Who Is Who. 16. These things are to be left at home. 17. We believed him to be married. 18. To look at him makes you laugh. 19 The child seems to have been learning a few words every day. 20. Have you any magazines to give me? 21. The mother wanted her son to marry. 22. To discuss the details now means to lose time. 23. Your daughter is old enough to understand this. 24. He seems to be working later than usual. 25. We study the text to learn more about Shakespeare. 26. The plan appears to have been accepted. 27. might be late. 28. You needn't have accepted the invitation.
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V. :
besides, daughter, mother, business, roof, leave, wide, husband, town, son, thoroughly, to be born, early, village, late, wool, cut, happy, develop, certain, date, marry, marriage, window, consist, entirely, magazine, difficulty, native, corn meat, probably, school, street, leather, mind (n), to mind
VI. , :
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
22
I. Perfect Active. . , ;
II. a) his age was not one (= the age) of biographical writing. ( ); ) Yet we know about Shakespeare as much as we do (= as we know) about most of (he writers... - , ... We cannot compare his knowledge with that (= the knowledge) of Jonson... ....
III. () . ( ) , ; , .
IV. Indefinite Active - No 1, 2, 3,4, 6, 7, 8, 9,11, 12, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23,25,27
Indefinite Passive - 15,16,17
Perfect Active - 5, 10 14, 28
Perfect Passive - 13,26
Continuous - 24
Perfect Continuous - 19
: 18. - . 22. - .
: 15. . 16. . 27. , , (. . 18). 28. .
: 1. . 3, .
: 1. , . 8. , . 14. , , . 17. . 21. , .
: 5. , , . 6. . 10. , , -. 11. , , . 13. , , . 19. , -, .
: 4. , . 7. . ( , ). 9. , . 12. (. , , ). 20. , ?
: 23. , . 25. , .
1) 9, 10 17 .
2) , 10, 13,19 21.
