, H+ -, KW H2O.
KW = [H+][OH-]
KW = 1,00710-14
-, . + - , . . . W
H+(p) + OH-(p) = H2O()
KW ≠ 0, , + -
. , ope
+ -.
[+] = [-] = (10-14)1/2 = 10-7 /,
[+] > 10-7 / [-] < 10-7 /,
[+] < 10-7 / [-] > 10-7 /.
()
,
[+] = 10-14 / [-] [OH-] = 10-14 / [+].
. , , . (
H+ - ).
,
, . . , , , .. pH = -log[H+]. , + -, . (>7) -, , + (<7)- . . =7. , . pH - , , . pH , , .. , "" , , . , , ,
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3. .
SO3 + H2O = H2SO4
SO2 + H2O = H2SO3
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
CrO3 + H2O = H2CrO4
2Mn2O + 2H2O = 4HMnO4
28
1. ()?
() , ().
, . , , , , . , . , . (, ) 3 : ( + ), ( + ) ( + ). , , , , HCl, H2S, SO2. ( + ) , , . , . , .. , , (, , ). (2) (, , .)
. ΔS < 0, (ΔS > 0). , . , , (ΔH > 0) (, ΔH < 0). ( ) ΔG = ΔH T∙ΔS < 0, . . . () (ΔG < 0) .
() (). ; . , .
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, .
, , .