.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


, - . 1




, . , , . , , , .

. , -, 1850- . , . Associated Press, Western Union Telegraph , , , - . , TheChicago Daily News ( , 1875), The Indianapolis News ( , 1869), The SanFrancisco Examiner (- , 1865) .

, . , 1866 . American News Company 650000 296000 . .

, , . The New York Evening Post, The Springfield Republican, The New York Times .

, The New York Times 1870 . - , . , , . The New York Times , , - , The New York Times . : 1870 . , .

. , , , , . . , - The Sun 1868 . . , , , , .

, ( . ), . , The Sun , , <...> The Sun .

- The New York Herald 1867 . The New York Herald 750000 . - , , , .

1872 . . The New York Herald , : , . , , , . . , : , ? : .

1874 . - Daily Telegraph ( ) , . 1879 . ( ), .

, , , , . , - .

, penny press, , . 1860- . - The Round Table ( , 18651869) The Nation (, 1865). , , .

The Round Table The Nation - , . The Round Table , The Nation.

The Nation (18651881) , , XIX . , The Nation , , .

( , , , - ) The Nation . , , , . ( , , ) . . . : , .

, , . . : 50 , ... , , , , , , .

The Commercial and FinancialChronicle ( , 1865), , The London Economist.

1870 . . , . 1870 . The Scribner's Monthly , , , . .

- - The Scribner'sMonthly (18701881), . , The Springfield Republican, The Scribner's Monthly - ( , , ) - .

The Scribner's Monthly , . The Scribner's Monthly .

XIX , . , , , , - .

 

6. .

1. : , , , .

2. : -, -, -, , .. .

3. . - .

4. .

5. , , .

6. " ", . . " ". .

7. . " " " ".

 

. . ., 1998. .., .. .

. ., 1993.

. ., 1980.

.. . ., 1986. .. . . ., 1997.

.. : . 1983.

 

( ., , , , , , ).

 

. . . , , , . , . . . , , , , . , . , , . .

- , . . , , , , , . . , , , . , , " ", - , . . , , - - . -. , . 1947 . 1909 ., .

. . . "" , , - . " " . , , . , .

. , , .

. , , " ". , . , . . .

- , , - , , . , . - - .

 

1. .

2. - ?

3. .

4. - .

5. .

6. .

7. - .

 

8. ( )

 

. ., 1990.

. ., 1976.

. ., 1994.

. ., 1986.

 

1

 

1. V-V .

2. - V-1 .

3. , .

4. .

 

.. -. . ., 1961.

.. . . ., 1997.

.. . . ., 1997 // . . 10. . 1998. N 4. .

.., . , , 1997 .// . . 10. . 1998. N 4. .34 -76.

.. . , , , 1996 . // . . 10. . 1997. N 4. . 24 -81.

.. . , , 1997 . // . . 10. . 1998. N 5. . 26 -81.

.. . , , 1994 . // . . 10. . 1995. N 4. .28-66.

.. -. . ., 1961.

.., ..,, .. , , 1994 . // . . 10. . 1995. N 6. .19-38.

.., .. . , , , 1989 // . . 10. . 1990. N 5. .21-64.

.. . , 1989 // . . 10. . 1990. N 5. .35-85.

 

 

( - . , , - . , , . - ).

 

16 . " " (" ") 23 1588 . - . - . , , , . . - . 17 . . - "", , . 1643 . " " (" ", 1649 . ) 1659 . - . 1642 . "" (newspaper). . 1641 . ; 1643 . . 1665 . " " ( 1666 . " "), .

17 . , (1689 .), . 1702 . " ". 1709 . 18 35 . . . , " " (1731-1754) .

18 . . - " " ( - , - , - "" . - . (1660-1731) . (1667-1745). , .

18 . , - "" (1785) . 1781 . . (1737-1809) " ". , ("", 1789) (" ", 1793-1796). 1811 . 8 8 . 1753 . 7,5 . ., 1820 - 30 . : , , . 18 . , . , . 1712 . , . . 19 . ( ). , , 1830 . " , " ( " " - " ") 16 .. , , , 150 . .

" " (" " 1837-1852 . 50 .., . 19 . (1853), (1855), (1861). : 308 1829 . 2263 1891 . . "", " " (1855), " " (1821). 19 . : " " (1896), " " (1900), " " (1903), " " (1903). , - .

- - , . , "" - . 60- . . ("", 1964, "", 1986, " ", 1978, "", 1986), (" ", 1963, " ", 1961, " ", 1990). , , .

. , (" ", " " .), (") ( 16-24 4-8), - . - .

, " ". (85 100) , . , , 11 9 . 2002 . 300- " ".

- : - - . , , , . () - .

- . - "" - : . (" ", "" ); (" ", "); (" " , " ") . (""); (" ); (" "); (" "); (" ") ( " ").

- , .

, , . ( 1945, 1961 1974) , , . , , , , . - 27 ( ). . , 500 . ., . 1949 . .





:


: 2016-12-06; !; : 398 |


:

:

, ,
==> ...

1814 - | 1722 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.046 .