: . hudor- lysis .
-
, , -
. , K+, Ca2+, Rb+, Ba2+,
: Cl-, NO3-, SO42-. , ( -
), , -
( ≈ 7).
, :
1─ ;
2 ;
3 .
,
. -
KNO2 ,
, :
KNO2 + HO ↔ KOH + HNO2.
- :
K+ + NO2- + HO ↔ K+ + OH- + HNO2.
:
NO2- + HOH ↔ OH- + HNO2.
, -
HNO2, -
. ,
( > 7).
, .
(, 23),
. ( ,
32-) , -
:
32- + O ↔ OH- + HCO3-.
:
23 + ↔ + 3.
3 ,
, -
:
3- + OH ↔ OH- + H2CO3.
:
KHCO3 + HO ↔ KOH + H2CO3.
,
. -
, .
3- ( +
-), , -
23, .
- (, -
), . , ,
|
|
H2S ,
:
K2S + 2HOH ↔ 2KOH + H2S↑
- :
S2- + 2HOH ↔ 2OH- + H2S↑
, -
, -
. -
CuCl2 ( Cu(OH)2 -
HCl). ,
- -
- .
:
Cu2+ + HOH ↔ [CuOH]+ + H+,
[CuOH]+ + HOH ↔ Cu(OH)2 + H+.
:
CuCl2 + HO ↔ CuOHCl + HCl,
CuOHCl + HO ↔ Cu(OH)2 + HCl.
,
(, -
),
. , ( < 7).
.
, -
( ),
, . -
NH4CH3COO ( 3
NH4OH):
NH4CH3COO + HO → NH4OH + CH3COOH,
:
NH4+ + CH3COO- + HO → NH4OH + CH3COOH.
()
. , ( < 7), ― ( > 7). , , , , .. ( ≈7). , =7, .
. ,
( ), ,
( ):
= / .
, -
, .
-
, ― ( ).
-
.
, , -
. ,
:
NaCH3COO + HO ↔ NaOH + CH3COOH,
|
|
:
CH3COO- + H+OH- ↔ OH- + CH3COOH.
:
[CH3COOH] [OH−]
= ,
[CH3COO−] [H2O]
, , -
,
[CH3COOH] [OH−]
[H2O] = .
[CH3COO−]
[H2O] :
[CH3COOH] [OH−]
= [H2O] = .
[CH3COO−]
,
.
, -
[H+], :
[OH−] [ H+] ∙ [CH3COOH] K2
= = ,
[CH3COO- ] [ H+ ] K .
K2 ─ , [H+][OH-]; .
,
[CH3COO−] [ H+]
. = .
[CH3COOH ]
(-
, NH4Cl) :
K2
= ,
K .
. .
, (-
) , -
.
( -
):
α 2
= ,
1−α
, /.
, :
≈ 2 .
:
= .
,
( , ), -
:
= = .
, .
-
.
1. - -
: ) Zn(NO3)2 ) K2SO3.
. ) -
:
Zn(NO3)2 → Zn2+ + 2NO3-.
.
(+ -) ,
.. ? Zn2+, -
, -
- [ZnOH]+
Zn(OH)2. NO3-
+ NO3, , ,
+ NO3- .
, -
:
Zn2+ + 2 NO3- + H+OH- = [ZnOH]+ + H+ + 2 NO3-,
:
Zn2+ + HOH = [ZnOH]+ + H+.
, ,
+, , , ,
, ( < 7).
:
Zn(NO3)2 + HO = [ZnOH](NO3) + HNO3.
[ZnOH](NO3)
|
|
Zn(OH)2, -
. Zn(OH)2.
)
+ SO32-:
K2SO3 → 2 K+ + SO32-.
+, -, -
, ( -
) + -
-. - -
.
SO32- -
[HSO3]- 2SO3
. , - -
[OH-] > [H+], ( >
7).
, -
:
2 K+ + SO32- + HOH = 2 K+ + OH- + [HSO3] -.
-
:
K2SO3 + HOH = KOH + KHSO3.
2SO3 , -
─ .
2. 3Na,
.= 1,754 10-5.
.
= 2 / . ,
2 ; .
. , -
:
= 10-14 / (1,754 10-5) = 0,5710-9.
3. 0,001 3.
?
. , :
= = .
2, -
( -
: 3 + 2 = + 3),
:
= = 0,76 ⋅ 10 −3.
-, , -
:
[OH-] = a = 0,76 10-30,001 = 0,7610-6.
-
:
[H+][OH-] = 10-14.
[H+] = 10-14 / [OH-] = 10-14 / (0,7510-6)= 1,333 10-8.
, :
= - lg [H+] = - lg 1,33310-8 = 7,875.
, .
(. buffer, buff ) ; (., 3 CH3COONa) (., N3 NH4CI). , . . . , , . (- , , , .).
|
|
, , ( ) , .. ; , ( ) , .. . - :
+ + = +
= + + -
- /+ - / .
. , - - . , .
- . :
1) - /:
3-/3 3Na 3, 3, 8 - 5, 8.
2) - 3-/23 Na3 23, - 5, 4 - 7, 4.
3) /+:
NH3/NH4+ NH3 NH4Cl,
- 8, 2 - 10, 2.
4) :
32- /3- Na2CO3 NaHCO3, 9, 3 - 11, 3.
42-/24- N24 N24, 6, 2 - 8, 2.
1- , . . . , 24- .
. . () ( ), . , . () - -.
3-/3, - :
3 = 3- + +; ( = 4,8)
- - 3Na:
3Na = 3- + Na+
3- +, :
3- + + = 3
(- , )
3- 3. , , .
( ) -, :
3 + - = 3- + 2
(- , )
, , . 3 3-.
, , - + - .
- .
1- , , , + , - :
3 ↔3- + +; ( = 4,8)
[+] ∙ [3-]
= (1).
[3]
(1) , -
|
|
[+] = ∙ [3] / [3-] (2)
- 3Na - 3 ( ). 3 , 3- ― . (2) :
[+] = ∙ []/ [] (3)
() () - . (3) - 1- :
= - lg lg([]/[]) = + lg [] lg [] (4)
- 1- :
= + lg([ ]/[ ])
, (, ) :
= 14 + lg[] - lg[].
- :
1. -, .
, . 0, 1 / .
2. , .
, - , .
3. - , , , .
. , 1 1 . . . , .