n = 1, 2, , ¥
l = 0, 1, 2, ,(n -1 ) ()
m = 0, 1, 2, , l -
ms = 1/2 -
s (l = 0) | p (l = 1) | d (l = 2) | f (l = 3) | g (l = 4) | |||
K | - | - | - | - | |||
L | - | - | - | ||||
M | - | - | |||||
N | - | ||||||
O |
n = 1, 2, , ¥ | ||||||
l = 0, 1, 2, , (n -1) () | ||||||
m = 0, 1, 2, , l | ||||||
= 0,927×10-23 / | ||||||
,
,
X , Z ( , ), A ( ). N = A Z.
.
q = Z× , = 1,6×10-19 , m = m Z× m , m ( , ...), m = 0,000548 ... = 9,1×10-31 .
, . m = 1,00728 .., m n = 1,00867 ...
1 ...= 1,66×10-27 .
D m = (Z× m + N × m n)- m D m = (Z× + (AZ)× m n)- m.
W = c2×D m . [D m ] = ..., c2 = 931,5 /.., [ W ] = . .[ w ] = 1 /.
,
N t, N 0 , l .
, .
, t.
t = 1/l , .
, m, m , N . N = 6,02×1023 -1.
. , 0 . [ ] = 1 () = 1 /. ().
|
|
1 u () = 3,7×1010 .
= / m . [ ] = 1 /. , 0 .
a-: a .
+ a-, X , Y .
b-: b .
+ + b-, .
b+-: b+ .
+ + b+-, .
+ + - , .
:
1) : å( ) = å ( ),
2) : åZ( ) = åZ( ).
Q = c 2(å - å ).
Q = (å -å ).
Q > 0 ,
Q < 0 , .
C = 3 R , R = 8,31 /(×).
C = n (3 R)
-, n .
Wmax
Wmax = k = hwmax = h nmax = ,
,h= 1,05×10-34 ×, h = 6,62×10-34 ×, k = 1,38×10-23 /,
wmax, nmax (w = 2pn), lmin , lmin = 2 d, d , , . , n .
W = hw = h n = ,
, .