1
.
NH4CNO (NH2)2CO,
:
, / 0,10 0,20 0,40
, t 0,5, 19,15 9,45 4,62
. , , .
: .
2
. .
2() + I2() 2I() 714 0,111 /(×).
2 2 . , 0,2 ?
. [-1× -1]. , .
:
v = k × c(H2) × c(I2) |
, , 0,2 .
, , 0,2 I.
n(2)=n(I2)=0,5× n (I)=0,1 .
n(2)=n(I2)=2 0,1=1,9 .
(2)=(I2)= 1,9:2=0,95 /
:
v = 0,111 /()0,952 2/2 = 0,1 /()
: 0,1 /().
3
.
pH 7,0 0,07 /. 2,5 0,05 /. . (18 ).
. , :
1 c
k = ¾¾ ln ¾¾
t c t
k , (3.2):
0,69
t 0,5 = ¾¾
k
, :
1 0,07 /
k = ¾¾¾ ln ¾¾¾¾¾¾ = 0,135 -1.
2,5 0,05 /
:
0,69
t 0,5 = ¾¾¾¾ = 5,1 .
0,135 -1
: 5,1 .
4
, .
: 137Cs 95Zr. 137Cs , 99% 95Zr .
|
|
. , , (t0,5). , .. :
1 c
k = ¾¾ ln ¾¾
t c t
(3.1) :
1 c
t = ¾¾ ln ¾¾
k c t
t0,5 - , 99% 95Zr. , :
0,69
k = ¾¾
t 0,5
t 0,5 - 95 Zr ( , . 04.01)
, 137Cs , 99% 95Zr .
t 0,5 (95Zr) = 64 .; t 0,5 (137Cs) = 30,17 (. 04.01)
0,69
k (95Zr) = ¾¾¾ = 1,110-2 -1
64 -1
0,69
k (137Cs) = ¾¾¾ = 0,023 -1
30,17 -1
t, k (95Zr):
1 100%
t = ¾¾¾¾ ln ¾¾¾ = 419 = 1,15
1×10-2 -1 1%
, :
c (137Cs) kt
¾¾¾¾¾ = e
c t(137Cs)
c (137Cs)
¾¾¾¾¾ = e 0,023 -1×115 = 1,03
c t(137Cs)
c t(137Cs) = 0,97 97%.
: 97 %.
5
:
- , ;
- ;
- .
25 3,2 ×10-3 -1.
:
) , 10% ;
) 5 ;
) .
. , .. [-1]. m, - mt. t 0,1m c.
t mt = m 0,1m = 0,9m;
) :
m
ln ¾¾ = kt
mt
t :
1 m 1 0,1m
t = ¾¾ ln ¾¾ = ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ln ¾¾¾ = 32,9 .
k mt 3,2 × 10-3-1 0,9m
) ln m - ln mt = kt;
m
ln ¾¾¾ = 3,2 ×10-3-1× 120
mt
m
ln ¾¾¾ = 0,384
mt
m/mt = 0,384 m/mt = 1,47
mt = m/1,47 = 0,68 m,
.. 5 m 0,68m = 0,32m , .. 32% .
( ) :
ln 2 0,69
t 0,5 = ¾¾¾ = ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ = 216 .
k 3, 2 × 10-3-1
: 32,9 ., 32 % , 216 .
6
|
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.
75 /. 20 103 . , 25% 37 .
. t1 = 200, t2 = 370, .. 1= 293 2 = 310 .
k1 1= 293, (3.2):
0,69 0,69
k1 = ¾¾ = ¾¾¾¾ = 6,70 × 10-3 -1
t0,5 103
k2 2 = 310 (3.5).
ln k2/ k1:
k2 75 / × 17
ln ¾ = ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ = 1,69
k1 8,31× 10-3 /(×) ×293× 310
k2/ k1 = 1,69 = 5,42 k2 = 5,42 × 6,7 ×10-3 = 3,63 ×10-2 -1
, 25% 370:
t = ¾¾¾ × ln(100/75) = 7,93 8 .
: 8 .
7
.
: 30 5 ., 37 - 1,7610-2 . . .
. , k t0,5, (3.5) :
t0,5 1 EaD
ln ¾¾¾ = ¾¾¾¾
t0,5 2 12
Ea:
R 12 t0,5 1
Ea = ¾¾¾ln ¾¾
D t0,5 2
:
8,31× 10-3 /( × ) × 303 × 310 5
Ea = ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ln ¾¾¾¾¾¾ = 630 /
7 1,76× 10-2
: 630 /.
8
. .
(10 - 45 ); = 1,9.
. -:
k2/k1= t2-t1/10 [3.3]
- :
t2-t1
ln k2/k1=¾¾¾ lng
, (3.3) (3.5):
R×T1×T2×ln g
= ¾¾¾¾
, :
8,31/( ×) ×283 ×318 × ln1,9
= ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ = 48001 / 48 /
: 48 /.
9
.
. (25 - 55 ), = 75,4 /.
: , (3.3) (3.6):
= e 10/RT12
, :
= 10 × 75400//8,31 /( ×) ×298 ×328
= 2,5.
: = 2,5 - , .. - 2 4.
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10
. .
, 310 , = 49 /, = 86 /.
. , , (3.6):
k D
ln ¾¾¾ = ¾¾¾
k RT
, :
k (86000 49000) /
ln ¾¾¾ = ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ = 1,73×106
k 8,31 /()310
: 1,73×106 .
11
.
15,4 298 . , 15000 /?
. , . :
k t0,5
¾¾¾ = ¾¾¾¾¾
k t0,5
(3.6):
t0,5 D
ln ¾¾¾¾¾ = ¾¾¾¾
t0,5 RT
t0,5 = t0,5 / D/R×T
t0,5 = 15,4/ 15000 /:{8,31 /(×) ×298}
k / k = 15,4 : 0,036 = 427,7 428
: 428 .
12
.
= 80 /; DrͰ = 25 /. ?
. , ( rͰ . > 0).
DrͰ() = () -()
() = () - rͰ()
() = 80 / - 25 / = 55 /
DrͰ() = -25 /
: () = 55 /; DrͰ() = -25 /
___. ____.____. 20 ___