1) , .
2) ;
3) : DG= DͰ - DS 
Ͱ 
S ( Ͱ /, S - /(×).
4) : = - G/RT G RT , .. - .
5) , :
) ;
) ;
6) , :
) G;
) ;
) -.
7) Ͱ /, .. R - /(×) .
, :
1) 1(2), 2(1), 1, 2, Ͱ..
2) Ͱ, 2, 1, 1, 2. ( ).
_____________________________
1
.
, Thiobacillus thioparus:
5Na2S2O3× 52O() +7O2() 
5Na2SO4() + 32SO4() + 2S() +22H2O
. DfͰ (/) : DfͰ(5Na2S2O3× 52O)=-2602 /; DfͰ(2O) = -286 /;
DfͰ(Na2SO4) = -1384 /; DfͰ(2SO4) = - 907 /. ( ) .
:
DrH = SniDfH() - SnjDfH( ).
, :
DrH = 5×DfͰ(Na2SO4) +3× DHf(2SO4) +22×DfͰ(2O) - 5×DfͰ(Na2S2O3×5H2O)
= [ 5×(-1384) +3× (-907) +22×(- 286)] 5(-2602) = -2923 /
: -2923 /
: , .. DrͰ < 0.
2
P .
:
6H12O6(aq) 225OH() + 22()
. DͰ :
|
|
|
DcͰ(6H12O6)= -2810 /; DcͰ(25OH) = -1371 /.
, , 0.
:
DrͰ = SniDcͰ( ) - SnjDcͰ().
, :
DrͰ = DͰ(6H12O6) - 2×DͰ(25OH) = -2810 - 2×(-1371) = -68 /
: -68 /
3.
.
350 , 50% , 30% , 15% 5% .
. Q = Q() + Q() + Q(). , , : 17 /; 39/; 17/.
Q(.) = m(. .)× w(.) × Q(. .)
Q(.) = m(. .) × w(.) × Q(. .)
Q(.) = m(. .) × w(.) × Q(.)
Q(.)= 350 × 0,3 × 17 / = 1785 /
Q(.) = 350 × 0,15 × 39 / = 2047,5 /
Q(.) = 350× 0,05 × 17 / = 297,5 /
Q = 1785,0 + 2047,5 + 297,5 = 4130,0 = 987 .
: 987 .
4.
.
(V) :
4() + 6Cl2() Û 4PCl3(), DrͰ = -1272 / (I);
Cl3() + Cl2() Û Cl5(), DrͰ = -137 / (II).
. - , , .
(I) 4 (III) . , Cl3 ¼DrH (I).
(V) , DrHII DfH (PCl3):
DfH(PCl5) = DrH(II) + DrH(I)/4 = -137-1272/4 = - 455 /
: (V) 455 /.
* .
5.
.
:
22() + 22() Û 26 ()
. DrS
DrS = åniDS () - ånjDS (. -).
, :
DSr = DS (26) (DS (22) + 2×DS (2)) = 229 (201 + 2× 131) = -234 /×
: -234 /(×)
6.
.
|
|
|
:
62() + 62() Û 6126(aq) + 62()
. DfG /:
DfG (2) = -394,4 /; DfG (2) = -237 /;
DfG (6126) = - 917/; DfG (2) = 0.
DrG DrG = åniDfG() - ånjDfG(.-).
, :
DG r= (DfG(6126) + 6×DfG(2)) 6×(DfG(2) + DfG(2)) =
= -917 -6×(-394,4 237) = 2871/.
: 2871 /.
7.
.
.
50; DrͰ = 283 /,DrS = 288 /(×). .
. :
DG = DͰ - DS, DG :
DͰ ( ) DS( ).
DrG = 283 / 323× 0,288/(× ) = 190 /.
êDͰ ê > êTDSú .
: 190 /.
8.
.
, :
2() + () Û 2(), DrͰ = +173 /; DrS= +176 /(×).
. , DrG . :
DrͰ 173 /
= ¾¾¾= ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ = 983
DrS 0,176 /(× )
: = 983 .
9.
, .
- 310 , DrG = -15,08 /. ?
. :
ln K = -DrG/RT = -DrG/RT; = -(-15080 /)/ 8,31 /( × ) ×310 = 5,85
: = 5,85. , .. 10-5 < 5,85 < 105
10.
: , .
+ Cl2 Û Cl2 6,386 600.
, 1 :
) 1 ; 1 Cl2 4 Cl2
) 1 ; 1 Cl2 8 Cl2
) 1 ; 1,565 Cl2 10 Cl2
. . -.
| DrG = R× T× ln ¾ | n (Cl2) = ¾¾¾¾¾ n()×n(Cl2) | |||
| ) = ¾ = 4; 1 × 1 | ) = ¾¾¾ = 8; 1 × 1 | ) = ¾¾¾ = 6,386. 1,565 × 1 | ||
:
) , .. < ;
) , .. > ;
) , .. = .
11.
. .
|
|
|
Fe3O4() + 4() == 3Fe() + 42() 1091 2,49; 1312 - 4,50.
: ) ; ) 1200 .
. .
1 = 1091 ; 2 = 1312 .
| R× ln(k2/k1) ) DrH = ¾¾¾¾ (1/1 1/2) | 8,31 /(× ) × ln (4,5 / 2,49) DrH = ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ = 31,9 /(× ) (1/1091 1/1312) |
) 1= 1091, 2= 1200.
| DrͰ ln k2 = ¾¾¾¾ (1/1- 1/2) + ln k1 R | 31900 / ln k2 = ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ (1/1091 1/1200 ) + ln 2,49 2 = 3,43. 8,31 /( ×) |
