.
:
1., .. : /.. . - .: , 2005.
2. , .. : .-. / .. , .. . .: : , 2009. 464 .
3. , .. : / .. .- .: , 2007.
4. , .. [ ]/ .. .- .: , 2013.- : http://www.Lanbook.ru, .
:
1. , .. : / .. . - .: , 2012.- 240 .
2. , .. : / .. .- .: , 2010. 886 .
3. , .. . . : / .. [ ..]- .: , 2009. 560 .
4. , . : / . , . . .- .: , 2008.
5. , . . : / . . , . . .- .: , 2012. 886 .
:
1. http://www.college.ru/chemistry/index/php.
2. : , , http://www.en.edu.ru/db/msg/7030/sp/3368/2794/2761/
3. - http://www.chemnet.ru/, http://www.alhimik.ru/, http://www.chemport.ru/,http://www.chemworld.narod.ru/
1
NA | 6,02 1023 -1 | |
e | 1,60 10-19 | |
Vm | 22,4 /* | |
k | 1,38 10-23 / | |
h | 6,63 10-34 | |
F | 9,65 104 / | |
R | 8,31 /() |
* .
2
Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr | |
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn | |
F, Cl, Br, I, At | |
La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu | |
O, S, Se, Te, Po | |
Fe, Co, Ni | |
Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt | |
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr | |
Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra |
3
1012 | 10-1 | |||||
109 | 10-2 | |||||
106 | 10-3 | |||||
103 | 10-6 | |||||
102 | 10-9 | |||||
101 | 10-10 |
4
|
|
Al () | 28,31 | ||||||
Al2O3 () | 1675,0 | 1576,4 | 50,94 | ||||
| 981,57 | 944,75 | 199,4 | ||||
C () | 1,897 | 2,866 | 2,38 | ||||
() | 5,74 | ||||||
CO () | 110,5 | 137,27 | 197,4 | ||||
CO2() | 393,51 | 394,38 | 213,6 | ||||
COCl2() | 223,0 | 210,5 | 289,2 | ||||
CS2 () | 115,3 | 65,1 | 237,8 | ||||
CS2 () | 87,8 | 63,6 | 151,0 | ||||
C2H2 () | 226,75 | 209,2 | 200,8 | ||||
C2H4 () | 52,28 | 68,12 | 219,4 | ||||
CH4 () | 74,85 | 50,79 | 186,19 | ||||
C2H6 () | 84,67 | 32,89 | 229,5 | ||||
C6H6 () | 49,04 | 124,50 | 173,2 | ||||
CH3 OH () | 238,7 | 166,31 | 126,7 | ||||
C2H5 OH () | 227,6 | 174,77 | 160,7 | ||||
Ca () | 41,62 | ||||||
Ca () | 635,1 | 604,2 | 39,7 | ||||
Ca(OH)2 () | 986,2 | 896,76 | 83,4 | ||||
CaC3() | 1206,0 | 1128,8 | 92,9 | ||||
Cl2 () | 223,0 | ||||||
HCl () | 92,30 | 95,27 | 186,7 | ||||
HCl () | 167,5 | 131,2 | 55,2 | ||||
Cu () | 33,3 | ||||||
Cu2O () | 167,36 | 146,36 | 93,93 | ||||
CuO () | 165,3 | 127,19 | 42,64 | ||||
Cu2S () | 82,01 | 86,19 | 119,24 | ||||
Fe () | 27,15 | ||||||
FeO () | 263,68 | 244,35 | 58,79 | ||||
FeCl2() | 341,0 | 302,08 | 119,66 | ||||
Fe2O3() | 821,32 | 740,99 | 89,96 | ||||
Fe3O4() | 1117,1 | 1015,5 | 146,2 | ||||
Ge () | 31,09 | ||||||
GeO () | 305,4 | 276,1 | 50,2 | ||||
GeO2 () | 539,74 | 531,4 | 52,30 | ||||
H2 () | 130,6 | ||||||
H2O () | 241,84 | 228,8 | 188,74 | ||||
H2O () | 285,84 | 237,5 | 69,96 | ||||
N2 () | 191,5 | ||||||
N2 () | 81,55 | 103,6 | 220,0 | ||||
N () | 90,37 | 86,69 | 210,62 | ||||
N2() | 33,89 | 51,84 | 240,45 | ||||
N3() | 46,19 | 16,64 | 192,5 | ||||
N4Cl () | 315,39 | 343,64 | 94,56 | ||||
N4OH() | 366,69 | 263,8 | 179,9 | ||||
NaOH () | 426,6 | 377,0 | 64,18 | ||||
NaCl () | 410,9 | 384,0 | 72,36 | ||||
O2 () | 205,03 | ||||||
Pb () | 64,9 | ||||||
PbO () | 217,86 | 188,49 | 67,4 | ||||
PbO2 () | 276,6 | 218,99 | 76,44 | ||||
SO2 () | 296,9 | 300,37 | 248,1 | ||||
H2S () | 20,15 | 33,02 | 205,64 | ||||
H2S () | 39,33 | 27,36 | 122,2 | ||||
Sn () | 51,55 | ||||||
SnO () | 286,0 | 257,32 | 56,74 | ||||
SnO2 () | 580,8 | 519,65 | 52,34 | ||||
Ti () | 30,6 | ||||||
TiO2 () | 938,6 | 852,2 | 49,92 |
5
z | IC | z | |||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
0,05 0,1 0,2 | 0,84 0,81 0,80 | 0,50 0,44 0,41 | 0,21 0,16 0,14 | 0,3 0,4 0,5 | 0,81 0,82 0,84 | 0,42 0,45 0,50 | 0,14 0,17 0,21 |
6
,
HNO2 | 4.010 4 | 3.40 | |
NH4OH | 1.810 5 | 4.75 | |
H2SiO3 | K1 | 2.210 10 | 9.66 |
K2 | 1.610 12 | 11.80 | |
H2SO4 | K2 | 1.210 2 | 1.92 |
H2SO3 | K1 | 1.610 2 | 1.80 |
K2 | 6.310 8 | 7.21 | |
H2S | K1 | 6.010 8 | 7.22 |
K2 | 1.010 14 | 14.0 | |
H2CO3 | K1 | 4.510 7 | 6.35 |
K2 | 4.710 11 | 10.33 | |
CH3COOH | 1.810 5 | 4.75 | |
H3PO4 | K1 | 7.510 3 | 2.12 |
K2 | 6.310 8 | 7.20 | |
K3 | 1.310 12 | 11.89 | |
HF | 6.610 4 | 3.18 | |
HCN | 7.910 10 | 9.10 |
|
|
7
,
, .
α % | ||
1 | 0,1 | |
- | 0,07 | |
- | 0,17 | |
0,4 | 1,3 | |
- | ||
- | 0,01 | |
- | ||
0,4 | 1,3 | |
8
(Kw)
t, 0C | Kw 10-14 | t, 0C | Kw 10-14 | |
0,11 | 2,40 | |||
0,17 | 2,95 | |||
0,30 | 5,50 | |||
0,46 | 9,55 | |||
0,69 | 15,8 | |||
1,00 | 25,8 | |||
1,48 | 38,8 | |||
2,09 | 55,0 |
9
200C
% | ||||||||||
1. | ||||||||||
NaCl | 1,01 | 1,04 | 1,07 | 1,12 | 1,15 | 1,19 | 1,04 | |||
KCl | 1,01 | 1,04 | 1,06 | 1,10 | 1,13 | 1,16 | 1,04 | |||
Na2SO4 | 1,02 | 1,05 | 1,09 | 1,15 | 1,06 | |||||
K2SO4 | 1,02 | 1,05 | 1,08 | 1,07 | ||||||
MgSO4 | 1,02 | 1,06 | 1,10 | 1,17 | 1,22 | 1,27 | ||||
NaNO3 | 1,03 | 1,07 | 1,14 | 1,23 | 1,05 | |||||
BaCl2 | 1,04 | 1,09 | 1,20 | 1,27 | 1,09 | |||||
NH4NO3 | 1,01 | 1,04 | 1,08 | 1,13 | 1,18 | 1,23 | ||||
(NH4) 2SO4 | 1,01 | 1,06 | 1,12 | 1,17 | 1,23 | |||||
NH4Cl | 1,00 | 1,03 | 1,06 | 1,07 | ||||||
FeSO4 | 1,02 | 1,10 | 1,17 | 1,20 | ||||||
Al2(SO4)3 | 1,02 | 1,10 | 1,23 | 1,31 |
10
25.
(KS) | (KS) | ||
AgBr | 6,3×10-13 | CdS | 7,9×10-27 |
AgBrO3 | 5,5.10-5 | CoS (18oC) | 2,0.10-27 |
AgCl | 1,56×10-10 | Cu(OH)2 | 5,6.10-20 |
Ag2CrO4 | 1,1×10-12 | CuS | 4,0×10-38 |
AgI | 1,5×10-16 | Fe(OH)2 | 8,0×10-16 |
Ag2SO4 | 7,7.10-5 | Fe(OH)3 (18oC) | 3,8×10-38 |
Ag2S | 5,7.10-51 | FeS | 3,7.10-19 |
Al(OH)3 | 1,9×10-33 | Mg(OH)2 | 5,5×10-12 |
BaCO3 | 7,0×10-9 | MnS | 2,5×10-10 |
BaCrO4 | 2,3.10-10 | NiS (18oC) | 2,0.10-28 |
BaC2O4 | 1,2×10-7 | PbCl2 | 2,4×10-5 |
Ba3(PO4)2 | 6,0.10-39 | PbI2 | 8,7.10-9 |
BaSO4 | 1,08×10-10 | PbS (18oC) | 1,1.10-29 |
CaCO3 | 4,8×10-9 | PbSO4 | 2,2×10-8 |
CaC2O4 | 2,6×10-9 | SrCO3 | 1,1×10-10 |
CaF2 | 4,0.10-11 | SrSO4 | 2,3×10-7 |
Ca3(PO4)2 | 1,0.10-29 | Zn(OH)2 (20oC) | 4,0.10-16 |
CaSO4 | 6,1×10-5 | ZnS | 1,6×10-24 |
11
250
, / | ||
22 | 1~10−12 (22, 2−,2) 2~10−25 (2 −, 22−,2) | |
HCN | =7∙10−10 (CN, CN−,2) | |
2SiO3 | 1~10−10 (2 SiO3, Si3−,2) 2~10−12 (SiO3 −, Si32−,2) | |
C | 2S | 1=6 ∙10−8 (2S, S−,2) 2=1 ∙10−14 (S −, S2−,2) |
23 | 1=4,5 ∙10−7 (23, 3−,2) 2=4,7∙10−11 (3−, 32−,2) | |
NH3 ∙HOH | o=2 ∙10−5 (N3∙HOH, N4+,2) | |
3 | =2 ∙10−5 (3,3−,2) | |
NO2 | =4∙10−4 (N2, N2−,2) | |
HF | =7∙10−4 (F, F−,2) | |
34 | 1=8∙10−3 (34, 24−,2) 2=6∙10−8 (24−, 42−,2) 3=1∙10−12 (42−,43−, 2) | |
2SO3 | 1=2∙10−2 (2SO3, S3−,2) 2=6∙10−8 (SO3 −, S32−,2) | |
HNO3 | =43,6(N3, N3−,2) | |
HMnO4 | =200(Mn4, Mn4−,2) | |
H2SO4 | 1=1000(2SO4, S4−,2) 2=1∙10−2 (SO4 −, S42−,2) | |
HCI | =1∙107 (I,I−,2) | |
HBr | =1∙109 (Br, Br−,2) | |
HJ | =1∙1011 (J, J−,2) |
|
|
12
-
pH | ||
→ | 3,1 4,0 | |
→ | 4,0 6,4 | |
→ | 4,2 6,2 | |
→ | 6,0 7,6 |
13
(Ƽ)
0, | 0, | |||
Li+/Li Rb+/Rb K+/K Cs+/Cs Ba2+/Ba Ca2+/Ca Na+/Na Mg2+/Mg AI3+/AI Ti2+/Ti Zr4+/Zr Mn2+/Mn V2+/V Cr2+/Cr Zn2+/Zn Cr3+/Cr Fe2+/Fe | −3,045 −2,925 −2,924 −2,923 −2,90 −2,87 −2,714 −2,37 −1,70 −1,603 −1,58 −1,18 −1,18 −0,913 −0,763 −0,74 −0,44 | Cd+/Cd Co2+/Co Ni2+/Ni Sn2+/Sn Pb2+/Pb Fe3+/Fe 2H+/H Sb3+/Sb Bi3+/Bi Cu2+/Cu Cu+/Cu Fe Hg22+/2Hg Ag+/Ag Hg2+/Hg Pt2+/Pt Au3+/Au Au+/Au | −0,403 −0,277 −0,25 −0,136 −0,127 −0,037 −0,000 +0,20 +0,215 +0,34 +0,52 +0,77 +0,79 +0,80 +0,85 +1,19 +1,50 +1,70 |
14
, .
, | ||
+2,87 | ||
+1,51 | ||
+1,50 | ||
+1,36 | ||
+1,33 | ||
+1,23 | ||
+1,23 | ||
+1,07 | ||
+0,96 | ||
+0,87 | ||
+0,815 | ||
+0,80 | ||
+0,77 | ||
+0,63 | ||
+0,60 | ||
+0,56 | ||
+0,54 | ||
+0,36 | ||
+0,31 | ||
+0,26 | ||
+0,17 | ||
0,000 | ||
(pH=9) | -0,413 (-0,53) | |
-0,54 | ||
-0,83 | ||
-0,86 | ||
-0,91 | ||
-1,22 | ||
-2,35 | ||
-2,55 |
15
25.
|
|
[Ag(NH3)2]+DAg+ + 2NH3 | 5,89×10-8 | 7,23 |
[Ag(NO2)2]-D Ag+ + 2NO2- | 1,3×10-3 | 2,89 |
[Ag(S2O3)2]3-D Ag+ + 2S2O32- | 2,5×10-14 | 13,60 |
[Ag(CN)2]-D Ag+ + 2CN- | 1,4×10-20 | 19,85 |
[AgI2]-D Ag+ + 2I- | 5,5.10-12 | 11,74 |
[Al(OH)4(H2O)2]-D Al3+ + 2OH- + 2H2O | 1,0.10-33 | 33,0 |
[AlF6]3-D Al3+ + 6F- | 5,01.10-18 | 17,30 |
[AuCl4]-D Au3+ + 4Cl- | 5,0.10-22 | 21,30 |
[Be(OH)4]2-D Be2+ + 4OH- | 1,0.10-15 | 15,0 |
[BeF4]2-D Be2+ + 4F- | 4,17 .10-17 | 16,30 |
[Ca]2-D Ca2+ + | 2,57.10-11 | 10,59 |
[Cd(CN)4]2-D Cd2+ + 4CN- | 7,76.10-18 | 17,11 |
[Cd(En)2]2+D Cd2+ + 2En | 6,0.10-11 | 10,22 |
[Cd(NH3)6]2+D Cd2+ + 6NH3 | 2,76.10-5 | 4,56 |
[Co(C2O4)3]3-D Co3+ + C2O42- | 5,0.10-12 | 11,30 |
[Co(En)3]3+D Co3+ + 3En | 2,04.10-49 | 48,69 |
[Co(NH3)6]2+D Co2+ + 6NH3 | 4,07.10-5 | 4,39 |
[Co(NH3)6]3+D Co3+ + 6NH3 | 6,15.10-36 | 35,21 |
[Co(NO2)6]3-D Co3+ + 6NO2- | 1,0.10-22 | 22,0 |
[Co(SCN)4]2-D Co2+ + 4SCN- | 5,50.10-3 | 2,26 |
[Co]2-D Co2+ + | 4,90.10-17 | 16,31 |
[Co]3-D Co3+ + | 2,51.10-41 | 40,60 |
[Cr(OH)4]-D Cr3+ + 4OH- | 1,26.10-30 | 29,90 |
[Cr]3-D Cr3+ + | 3,98.10-24 | 23,40 |
[Cu(CN)2]- D Cu+ + 2CN- | 1,0.10-24 | 24,00 |
[Cu(CN)4]3-D Cu+ + 4CN- | 5,13.10-31 | 30,29 |
[Cu(H2O)2Br2]oD Cu2+ + 2Br - + 2H2O | 2,22.10-6 | 5,75 |
[Cu(NH3)4]2+D Cu2+ + 4NH3 | 9,33.10-13 | 12,03 |
[Fe(CN)6]4-D Fe2+ + 6CN- | 1,4×10-37 | 36,84 |
[Fe(CN)6]3-D Fe3+ + 6CN- | 1,5×10-44 | 43,82 |
[Fe(SCN)3] D Fe3+ + 3SCN- | 2,9×10-5 | 4,54 |
[FeCl3] D Fe3+ + 3Cl- | 7,4×10-2 | 1,13 |
[FeF6]3-D Fe3+ +6F- | 7,94×10-17 | 16,10 |
[Fe]2-D Fe2+ + | 6,31.10-15 | 14,20 |
[Fe]3-D Fe3+ + | 5,89.10-25 | 24,23 |
[HgBr4]2-D Hg2+ + 4Br- | 1,0×10-21 | 21,0 |
[HgI4]2-D Hg2+ + 4I- | 1,4×10-30 | 29,85 |
[Hg(CN)4]2-D Hg2+ + 4CN- | 4,0×10-42 | 41,40 |
[Hg(SCN)4]2-D Hg2+ + 4SCN- | 8,0×10-22 | 21,10 |
[Mg]2-D Mg2+ + | 7,59.10-10 | 9,12 |
[NH4]+D NH3 + H+ | 6,0.10-10 | 9,22 |
[Ni(En)3]2+D Ni2+ + 3En | 7,76.10-20 | 19,11 |
[Ni(NH3)4]2+D Ni2+ + 4NH3 | 1,12.10-8 | 7,95 |
[Ni(NH3)6]2+D Ni2+ + 6NH3 | 9,77.10-9 | 8,01 |
[Ni]2-D Ni2+ + | 2,40.10-19 | 18,62 |
[PtBr4]2-D Pt2+ + 4Br- | 3,0.10-21 | 20,52 |
[PtCl4]2-D Pt2+ + 4Cl- | 1,0.10-16 | 16,00 |
[SnCl6]4-D Sn2+ + 6Cl- | 5,1×10-11 | 10,29 |
[Zn(CN)4]2-D Zn2+ + 4CN- | 6,3×10-18 | 17,20 |
[Zn(NH3)4]2+D Zn2+ + 4NH3 | 2,0.10-9 | 8,70 |
[Zn(OH)4]2-D Zn2+ + 4OH- | 3,6.10-16 | 15,44 |
[Zn]2-D Zn2+ + | 5,50.10-17 | 16,26 |
16