, - .
:
(repeaters) / (hubs);
(bridges), (switches) (extenders);
(routers) (gates).
, , PAD (X.25) FRAD (FR).
, :
- (multiplexers) : , -, , ,
- (regenerators) ;
- (switches), , ;
- (modems) ( );
- (converters) , , .
70- . - () . (Robert Metcalf) 1973 Ethernet. , , 1965 (Thomas Merrill) (Lawrence Roberts) (MTI, ) MTI SDC. 70- - : IBM (SNA, 1974), DEC (DECnet, 1975) .
1980, (DEC, Intel, Xerox) DIX- Ethernet, - IEEE - , 802. 4- :
Ethernet - IEEE 802.3 (1983) - , CSMA/CD;
ARCnet - IEEE 802.4 - , Token Bus ( 1993);
Token Ring - IEEE 802.5 (1985) - , Token Ring (TR);
FDDI - IEEE 802.6 - ( ).
1991 . - (AF) - : ATM- . - (-) , LAN (LANE), - - ().
IP- - , IP - ( 12).
, : Ethernet, TR FDDI, : Ethernet TR. - - Ethernet, , TR ( IBM). ATM 20 , , Ethernet TR, - . Ethernet , .
|
|
|
. , , :
();
(UTP STP);
- (/).
() (), - () - , - . , - () (). - BNC.
() -, Ethernet, 10/100 /. : - (50 75 ) [/] . ,Ethernet 10Base-5 (12,7 ) RG-8/RG-11, a 10Base-2 (5 ) RG-58 (50 ). PDH SDH (STM-le) RG-75 - 75 .
(UTP, STP)
. , ( ).
- ( 0,1-0,4 ). .. . :
- (UTP, ) - ;
- (STP/FTP, ) - .
UTP , RJ-45. (Ethernet) , 0,4 - . (2-8) 8, 4, , . .
. ,
| , | / | ||
| , ISDN | - | ||
| T1/E1,TR (4 /) | - | ||
| 10Base-T,TR (16 /) | 100-200 / | ||
| 10Base-T, DE,TR | 150-260 / | ||
| T3,E4,DTR,100Base-T,ATM/SDH(155 /) | 100-260/24 | ||
| 1000Base-T,ATM/SDH(622 /) | 100-200/36 | ||
| ATM/SDH(622 /),1000Base-T | 100/46 | ||
| ATM/SDH(622 /),1000Base-T | 100/59 | ||
| 7/8 | ATM/SDH(622 /),1000Base-T | 100/69 |
|
|
|
UTP , , , RJ- 45. STP UTP , , - - . 150 IBM TR.
