.. . : do
- have done. , - : (to have + Participle II) ).
"", "" .. (. , . , . ), (. , .. ) , " . - " ", " ").
:
, have been writing? , .
, have done, had done, will have done? .
. , .. , , , : , ( has lived in this city since 1970), , ( Past Indefinite). , (Future Perfect). .. , - .
, , . , - : do - is done; did - was done, etc. , .
, () , .., .. , ( ) . , .
- . .. , . - , .
, ( ) , - , .
, , . , , to run: he runs fast , he runs the factory . to walk (she walks along the alley:: she walks her dog every day), to burn (I burnt the paper:: paper burns well) .. , / ( ).
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, , (to sit, to work). - , , : She took care of him. : He was taken care of. , () .
, , . :
- He dressed himself;
- They greeted each other;
- The door opened.
: ( / ) - e dressed himself). . he saw himself in the mirror ( ).
:
, , - . (helping himself and everybody else; defending myself - an accused communist). , , , .
, , , greeted each other, praised one another ( each other, one another ) , .
. they kissed each other and the child, , each other ( child). , : , , .
:
He opened the door:: The door opened.
They burned the paper:: The paper burned.
We apply the rule to many cases:: The rule applies to many cases.
- , ( ). , - , .
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, , :
, , : , - .
, (.. ) , , , .
, , .. ( . , , , , , , , , ..
(), ( ) ( ).
. . .. , :
1) ,
2) , (, ),
3) . , , , , .
3 , ( ): Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive. .. , 6 .
( ) :
: - . - -s , , , ( ) . Does he know it? Did he do it? , / . .. , : , - .
( ) , .. , . , , be I am silent/Be silent. , , .
, , : not to be:: dont be. .. .
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(.. ) let (Let him go there:: Lets play:: Let me have a look at it) . .. : , . .. Lets let them do what they want, let (.. ). , .. ( ) Will you close the window please.
I .. . Present Subjunctive Past Subjunctive ( II ). , , , (contrary to reality:: not contrary to reality), that he be he were , . if I were (, , Imaginative use of the Past Tense). , : , , if I had been.
II Past Subjunctive). I wish he were here now. If only I knew As if she had ever lied . . II.
, , ( should) (I suggest that you should go there). I.
( would): , , ( ). . I would be glad if he were here now. I would not say no to a cup of tea.
.. , , .
, Fact Mood Thought Mood, ( ). should would Conditional Mood, may might Permissive Mood. If I were If he had come Tense-Moods ( ).
, ( ). () (). .
: , , ( , Subjunctuve II Conditional), (Subjunctive I Suppositional). .. . , . , , Subjunctive II , should do, would go . , .. Subjunctive I (I suggest that you go there. Long live the forces of peace), .. , . , .. Subjunctive II, .. .
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.
do: I do remember you.
.
, , .. .
Infinitive mood.
17 ;
, , . , , , 20 (obligative, permissive, promissive, permissive, optative, intentional, etc.)
.. (The Structure of Modern English) , , . should would Future-in-the-Past.
, :
1. Inducement,
2. Possibility,
3. Unreal condition,
4. Unlikely condition,
5. Consequence of unreal condition,
6. Wish or purpose.
, :
1. ,
2. ,
3.
4. .
, , . , , , . , , ( ).
.. - . (. 1: , , . :
: , - .
: , .
: , (stop smoking), , (surprising answer).
, (verbals) .
, , verbals () . , , ( defective), . , (.. ) .
() (; , ). . () . ( . , - , , :: ( ) ( ).
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, :
1. (verbals). : , , - :
- | ||||
. | To write | To be writing | To have written | To have been written |
. | To be written | is being written possible but not normally used | To have been written | - |
.
:
(, .)
(to write a letter) (run fast);
(will go).
( ): I want you to help me
:
(to smoke is bad for your health),
(to see is to believe), (a book to read), (I am glad to see you), (he came here to help us).
:
bare infinitive, .. to, (can see), (I see him cross), had better, would rather (you had better do it now) ..
split infinitive, to (he began to quickly set up).
- :
Nominative-with-the-Infinitive ( complex subject): She is believed to be very talented;
Objective-with-the-Infinitive ( complex object): I saw him cross the street.
The for infinitive construction ( ): This is a book for you to read ( complex attribute) I am waiting for you to come (complex object) ..
I (, ) , ing-forms , , - .
.. , , . . spoke with air of everyone having his say ( having half-gerund, fused participle).
(, ) , , ( ).
.. :
1) I , .
2) ing-form, .
I . ( ):
. | writing | having written |
. | being written | having been written |
I :
I , :
(am speaking);
(writing a letter);
(speaking fast).
I . I:
(loving mother)[5],
(he entered, carrying a coffee-tray)
. . , :
:
, (smoking is bad for your health), (I hate smoking);
(he was accused of lying), (Marys crying irritated him).
:
( , ( ), ) . ;
(seeing her again was so exciting), (Marys coming here was so unusual);
(he stopped smoking).
, :
He disapproved of her spending such a lot of money.
He disapproved of her having spent such a lot of money.
- .
, . . , ( ) :
, .
( , ).
, - .
(.. , , - .
II (written, asked).
,
(have written)
- (dinner finished, they stood up and);
(a qualified majority, an answered question).
, II : She was embarrassed and vulnerable.
I II - :
Nominative-with-the Participle ( Complex Subject): He was heard playing the piano.
Objective-with-the-Participle ( Complex Object): I saw him crossing the street.
Absolute Participial Construction ( Complex Adverbial Modifier): The weather being fine, we shall go for a walk.
: He stood at the window, cigar in hand.
5.
, :
: .
- (full, less, like, some, -ing, -en, etc.); ( ).
(She lives in a big city), (she is smart), , (I found him happy).