1 The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and. Storage hardware serves the same basic functions as do office filing systems except that it stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are Hard disk (HDD), floppy disk and CD-ROM.
Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing programs and relatively large amounts of data.
2 Floppy disk (diskette) - thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer data and programs. There are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25" and 3.5". 5.25" is not used in modern computer systems because of it relatively large size, flexibility and small capacity. 3,5" disks are formatted 1.44 megabytes and are widely used.
3 CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory) is a compact disc on which a large amount of digitized read-only data can be stored. CD-ROMs are very popular now because of the growing speed which CD-ROM drives can provide nowadays.
The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is output in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor.
4 Monitor is a component with a display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc. Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data or graphics. Modem is an example of communication hardware an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines.
5 Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what the computer system is designed to do. Hardware can fill several floors of a large office building or can fit on your lap.
2. .
1 What is CD-Rom?
2 What does it mean a floppy disk?
3. , . .
1 Every document (to provide) instructions Present Simple.
2 The student (to open) a new file Past Simple.
3 This system (to decide) many problems Future Perfect.
4 They (store) the information on a disk Future Simple.
5 Operating systems (to control) the use of the printer Present Simple.
6 Our institute (to educate) good specialists by this period Past Perfect.
7 We (to understand) our task exactly Past Simple.
8 The engineers (to work) at new programs Present Continuous.
9 I (to finish) my work successfully Future Perfect.
10 They (to carry) sounds over long distances Future Continuous.
4. , .
1 Will he be able to graduate from the institute?
2 Can we help him?
3 Students will be allowed to continue the work.
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4 People must think about their future.
5 My friend had to come to us on Wednesday.
6 May I go to the exhibition with other students?
5
1. .
What is a computer?
1 The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements:
Hardware
Software
People
Procedures
Data/information
2 When one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer system, connectivity becomes the sixth system element. In other words, the manner in which the various individual systems are connected for example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or satellite is an element of the total computer system.
3 Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system: they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.
4 The basic job of computer is processing information. Computers accept information in the form of instruction called a programme and characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results. The data is raw material while information is organized, processed, refined and useful for decision making. Computer is used to convert data into information.
5 Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programmes usually provide users with data security and error checking along physically transferring data between the two computers memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.
2. .
1 What are five elements of a computer?
2 What is software used for?
3. , . .
1 This document (to provide) instructions Present Simple.
2 The engineer (to open) a new project Past Simple.
3 This system (to decide) many important questions Future Perfect.
4 We (store) this information on a disk Future Simple.
5 Operating systems (to control) the use of equipment Present Simple.
6 Their parents (to educate) good children by this period Past Perfect.
7 We (to understand) these rules Present Perfect.
8 The engineer (to work) at a new program Present Continuous.
9 I (to finish) my difficult work Past Continuous.
10 They (to carry) suite cases to the platform Future Continuous.
4. , .
1 We were able to graduate from the institute?
2 Can you translate this article?
3 Students were allowed to continue the work.
4 You must think about your examinations.
5 The secretary had to book tickets.
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6 May I ask a question, please?
6
1. .
Robots in industry
1 Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories:
material handling
processing operations
assembly and inspection.
2 Material-handling is the transfer of material and loading and unloading of machines. Material-transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple: robots pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts in an arrangement that can be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts. This requires the robot to be equipped with a gripper that can grasp parts. Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part geometry.
3 In processing operations robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part. Examples of such applications include spot welding, continuous arc welding and spray painting. Spot welding of automobile bodies is one of the most common applications of industrial robots. The robot positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and frames to join them. Arc welding1 is a continuous process in which robot moves the welding rod along the welding seam. Spray painting is the manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface of the object to be coated. Other operations in this category include grinding and polishing in which a rotating spindle serves as the robot's tool.
4 The third application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection. The use of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labour. But the design of the product is an important aspect of robotic assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans are not always suitable for robots. Screws and nuts are widely used for fastening in manual assembly, but the same operations are extremely difficult for a one-armed robot.
5 Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is growing. In a typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines whether the part answers the quality specifications. In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot provides a substitute for human labour.
2. .
1 What are three categories of robots application?
2 What can the robot be equipped with?
3. , .
1 Cables are laid under the ground.
2 Electric power was generated at this power plant.
3 Electromagnetic waves will be transmitted to other parts of the country.
4 The wires have been made of copper.
5 A number of wires will have been connected together.
6 One thick cable is being laid on the wall.
4. Passive Voice .
: Workers build the house. The house is built by workers.
1 The secretary has brought the mail.
2 Students use dictionaries at the lessons.
3 People protected cables against corrosion.
4 The engineers are creating a new method.
5 We were buying tickets at the booking office.
5. , much many.
1 houses are built in our city.
2 There are telephone stations in this town.
3 This equipment needs power.
4 The workers earned money for their work.
5 He wrote books about electricity.
7
1. .
Internet
1 Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.
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2 The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW.
3 By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a programme (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information.
4 Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.
5 AH sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens and cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.
2. .
1 What kinds of information can be surfed in Internet?
2 What is used to click on a portion of text?
3. , .
1 Houses are built by this firm.
2 Electric power was generated at this power plant.
3 Sounds will be transmitted to other parts of the country.
4 The texts have been read by this student.
5 A new film was being shown at this cinema.
6 Breakfast is being made by my mother.
4. Passive Voice .
: Workers build the house. The house is built by workers.
1 The secretary has brought tea.
2 The student uses the foreign language.
3 People protected cables against corrosion.
4 The engineer is testing the motor.
5 Tourists were buying tickets at the booking office.
5. , much many.
1 telephone stations are built in our country.
2 There are books in our library.
3 This equipment needs power.
4 The students earned money for their work.
5 The boy wrote exercises.
8
1. .
Windows 98
1 Windows 98 is an operational system with an easy interface based on the expanding windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files and their types. Windows 98 is the enhanced version of Windows95.
2 Windows 98 makes the way you and your computer interact easy. Most everyday tasks are now easier to accomplish than ever before. For example, the second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. The old Windows 3.0 Programme Manager and File Manager have been replaced. The desktop tools that replace them are very like those found on a Macintosh. For example, there is a Recycle Bin that makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted files.
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3 Your computer probably will crash and buzz less running Windows 98 than it did with Windows 3.1 and 3.0 or even DOS. Most memory related problems have been removed. Built-in networking features make it easy to reliably share files with co-workers across the room or across the world. Still you can run DOS programmes and older Windows applications but most users will probably want to spend most of their time using Windows 98 applications instead.
4 Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we'll all think more about our data and less about the specific name-brand programmes used to create them.
Window 98 plug-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your computer hardware. And portable computer users will like what Microsoft has done to make their lives calmer.
5 The founder of Microsoft is Bill Gates. He is an American business executive, chairman and chief executive officer of the Microsoft Corporation. Gates was the founder of Microsoft in 1975 together with Paul Allen, his partner in computer language development. While attending Harvard in 1975, Gates together with Allen developed a version of the BASIC computer programming language for the first personal computer. In the early 1980s, Gates led Microsoft's evolution from the developer of computer programming languages to a large computer software company. This transition began with the introduction of MS-DOS, the operating system for the new IBM Personal Computer in 1981. Gates also led Microsoft towards the introduction of application software such as the Microsoft Word processor.
2. .
1 Who was Bill Gates partner in computer language development?
2 What is a Recycle Bin used for?
3. , .
1 The telephone was invented by Al. Bell.
2 The texts will be translated from Russian into English.
3 The doors of the institute have been opened for our students.
4 All examinations will have been passed in June.
5 A thick cable is being laid near their house.
6 The work was being done in the morning.
4. Passive Voice .
: Workers build the house. The house is built by workers.
1 The secretary has brought the mail.
2 Students use dictionaries at the lessons.
3 People protected cables against corrosion.
4 The engineers are creating a new method.
5 We were buying tickets at the booking office.
5. , much many.
1 houses are built in our city.
2 There are telephone stations in this town.
3 This equipment needs power.
4 The workers earned money for their work.
5 He wrote books about electricity.
9
1. .
Operating systems
1 When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every programme written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the programme.
2 The additional programme instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex and time-consuming". Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one programme that could control the computer's hardware, which others programmes could have used when they needed it. They created the first operating system.
3 Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programmes such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.
4 DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for Microsoft DOS. When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.
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5 Windows 98 makes the way you and your computer interact easy. Most everyday tasks are now easier to accomplish than ever before. For example, the second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. The old Windows 3.0 Programme Manager and File Manager have been replaced. The desktop tools that replace them are very like those found on a Macintosh. For example, there is a Recycle Bin that makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted files.
2. .
1 What instructions are provided in every programme?
2 What do operating systems control and manage?
3. , .
1 The radio was invented by Popov.
2 The text will be written by this girl.
3 The machines have been created by our engineers.
4 All experiments will have been done in June.
5 A long cable is being laid there.
6 The film was being demonstrated in the evening.
4. Passive Voice .
: Workers build the house. The house is built by workers.
1 The doctor has brought the medicine.
2 Workers use equipment for testing.
3 The isolation protected cables against corrosion.
4 The engineers are creating new possibilities.
5 We were booking tickets.
5. , much many.
1 projects are created by these engineers.
2 They saw old houses near the lake.
3 This equipment needs power.
4 The man paid money for this work.
5 Al. Bell has read books about electricity.
10
1. .
Automation
1 Automation is performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.
2 The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.
3 Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker- These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.
4 Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine. In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation. The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.
Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.
5 Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can perform several different machining operations.
2. .
1 What are industrial robots designed to?
2 What was the first step of automation?
3. , .
1 The first counting machine was constructed by Bless Paskal.
2 The projects will be prepared by these students.
3 New engines have been created by our engineers.
4 The work will have been done in summer.
5 A long cable is being laid there.
6 The machine was being demonstrated at the workshop.
4. Passive Voice .
: Workers build the house. The house is built by workers.
1 The director has opened the meeting.
2 The secretary sends the mail.
3 The isolation protected wires against corrosion.
4 The producer is creating a new film.
5 We were doing a very important work.
5. , much many.
1 stars are shining in the sky.
2 They spent money yesterday.
3 This equipment needs power.
4 interesting films are shown at this cinema.
5 Children need fresh air.
| Ability Above Accelerate Access Accident Accommodate According to Accumulate Achieve Achievement Add Additional Adjust Adopt Advantage Advise Agree Agreement Alarm Amount Amplifier Amplify Amplitude Announcement Appearance Apply Attention Audience Availability Available | - - - - - - ; ; - - - - - - - ; - ; - - - - , - - - - - ; - , - - - - - ; ; - |
| Battery Become Behave Behind Believe Belong to Bend Better Boost Borrow Branch Break Bring Broadcast Busy Cable Calculate Calculation Call Capability Capacity Carry out Carry Casual Cause Chain Channel Charge Chief Choke Choose Circuit Collaborative Column Combine Common Competition Complete Conjunction Connect Consist of Contain Convenient Copper Core Corporate Correct Cost Create | - - - - , - , - - - , - , - - ; ; ; - , () - - , - , - - - - , - - , - - - - , - , - , - - - - - , , - - - - - - , - - - - - - - , , - - - , - |
| Damage Danger Decrease Defend Definition Demand Denote Depend on Describe Design Desire Detect Determine Develop Device Devise Different Digital Dimensions Distortion Divide Double Earth Effect Eliminate Employ Enable Enough Equal Equipment Error Establish Estimate Exceed Excite Execute Expect Expense Explain Explosion | - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - |
| Face Facilitate Facility Fading Fail Failure Fast Fault Feature Fiber Field File Final Fit Flexibility Floppy Follow Force Foreign Fortune Fraction Frame Frequency Furthermore | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - |
| Gain Game Generally Generate Generation Goal Govern Gradually Grow Guess Guide | - , - - - , - , , - - - - - - |
| Half Handle Hardware Heart Heater Height Hide Hold Hot However Huge Humidity | - - , - , - , , - - - - - , - - - |
| Ideal Identify Image Immediately Immense Impact Imply Important Impedance Implement Improve Include Inclusive Incorrect Increase Increment Independent Indicate Influence Inform Initial Innovative Inordinately Input Install Insulator Intelligent Interconnect Be interested in Internal Interruption Invaluable Investigate Involve Isolation Isolate Issue | - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Jamming | - , |
| Keep Key Keyboard Kit | - - - - |
| Laborious Lack Language Launch Lead Leave Level Link Liquid Load Location Luggage | - - - - - - , - - , - - - - |
| Magnify Maintain Maintenance Major Make Manual Manually Manufacture Manufacturing Match Mean Means Measure Media Medium Message Micron Mixture Mount Multimode Multiply | - - , - , - - - - - - - - - - , , - , , - , - - - - - - |
| Namely Nature Necessary Neither nor Neither Net Network Nevertheless Node Noise Note Noted Numerous | - - - - - - - , - - - , - , - - |
| Object Objective Observe Obtain Obvious Occur Ocean Oppose Option Optional Order Origin Originate Output Overall Oversee Own | - - , , - - - - - - - - - - - , - - , - - |
| Packet network Packet switching Pass Pattern Payload Penetration Percent Perfect Permit Perspective Pitch Plant Plug Point Point communication Population Possible Power Powerful Precede Predict Prediction Prefer Preference Premises Present Preserve Prevent Previous Primary Print out Process Promise Promote Pronounce Propagate Propose Provide | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Quality Quantity Quarter | - - - |
| Raise Range Rapid Rapidly Rate Ratio Rationale Ray Realize Reason Reasonable Receive Record Record keeping Recover Reduce Reduction Reference Refusal Relative Realize Reliable Rely on Remind Remote Repair Replace Reply Report Reproduce Request Require Requirement Resistance Responsible Restrict Result Retain Reverse Revision | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - , - - - - - - - - - |
| Salesman Sample Satellite Satisfactory Saturate Scale Scheme Screen Secure Security Semiconductor Sensitive Service Shield Shift Signature Site Slope Software Solid Source Speech Speed Staff Step-by-step Store Strand Stream Strength Stress Subscriber Substance Success Sure Surface Switch | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - , - - , |
| Telecommunications Telephone Temper Terminal Tool Total Tower Traffic Transfer Transition Treasury Treatment Trial Trip True Trunk Trust Tube Tune Turn off Turn on Turn out Twist | - - - - /, - - - - , - , - , - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - |
| Undamaged Unfamiliar Unfortunately Unique Universal Update Uplink Upset Utilize | - - - - - - - - - , |
| Valid Value Variability Variety Various Vary Vehicle Version Viability Visible Voice Voltage volume | - - , - - - - - - - - - - - , |
| Water Way Weather Web Wire Wireless Wonder | - - - , - - - - |
