, . , , .
: , , ().
:
- pv - TS ();
- ;
- , ,
, (4.1)
, ,
; (4.2)
- ()
L = p (V 2 V 1); (4.3)
- , ,
q = cx (t 2 - t 1); (4.4)
- , :
, (4.5)
, :
Δ h = p (t 2 t 1); (4.6)
- :
Δ s = cvln (T 2/ T 1) + Rln (v 2/ v 1); (4.7)
Δ s = cpln (T 2/ T 1) - Rln (p 2/ p 1); (4.8)
Δ s = cvln (p 2/ p 1) + cpln (v 2/ v 1). (4.9)
.
1. (. 4.1),
v =const, v 2= v 1. (4.10)
:
p 2/ p 1= T 2/ T 1. (4.11)
v 2= v 1, l = 0, 1- :
q = Δ u = v (t 2 - t 1); (4.12)
p = const, p 2 = p 1.
:
v 2/ v 1 = T 2/ T 1. (4.13)
:
l = p (v 2 - v 1). (4.14)
1- :
q = Δ u + l = (t 2 - t 1); (4.15)
3. (. 4.3),
= const, 2 = 1.
p 1/ p 2 = v 2/ v 1. (4.16)
2= 1, Δ u =0 1- :
q = l = RTln (v 2/ v 1), (4.17)
q = l = RTln (p 1/ p 2), (4.18)
R=Rμ/μ [/()].
4. (. 4.4). , q = 0.
pv k = const, (4.19)
k=cp/cv - .
1- :
l = -Δ u = - v (T 2 T 1) = v (T 1 T 2), (4.20)
l=R (T 1 T 2)/(k -1); (4.21)
l=RT 1[1(v 1/ v 2) k -1]/(k 1); (4.22)
l=RT 1[1 (p 2/ p 1) ( k -1)/ k ]/(k 1). (4.23)
- , :
p v n = const, (4.24)
n - , .
, , - (. 4.5):
n = ∞ v = const, (),
n = 0 p = const, (),
|
|
n = 1 T = const, (),
n = k p vk = const, ().
, .
:
l = R (T 1 T 2)/(n 1); (4.25)
l =RT 1[1 (v 1/ v 2) n -1]/(n 1); (4.26)
l = RT 1[1 (p 2/ p 1) (n -1)/ n ]/(n 1). (4.27)
q = cn (T 2 T 1), (4.28)
cn - :
cn = cv (n - k)/(n - 1). (4.29)
5.