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1 . Robert W. Funk and Roy W. Hoover (eds), The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus (New York: Macmillan, 1993), p. 27; John Dominic Crossan, Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), pp. 2526; Robert W. Funk, Honest to Jesus: Jesus for a New Millennium (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1996), p. 158; Pieter F. Craffert and Pieter J. J. Botha, Why Jesus Could Walk on the Sea but He Could not Read and Write, Neot 39 (2005), pp. 5-35. ? (. 2132). . . William V. Harris, Ancient Literacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989).

2 . Luciano Canfora, The Vanished Library: A Wonder of the Ancient World (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989).

3 , (. 1). , , . Alan Millard, Reading and Writing in the Time of Jesus (BibSem 69; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000), esp. pp. 154184.

4 , , . Meir Bar-Ilan, Writing Materials, in Lawrence H.Schiffman and James C.VanderKam (eds), Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls (2 vols, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 2:996997.

5 . Emanuel Tov, Scribal Practices; Scribes; and Magen Broshi, Scriptorium, in Schiffman and VanderKam (eds), Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, pp. 2:827830, 830831, 831832, .

6 .

7 , , .

8 , , tabulae ceratae . . Alan K. Bowman and J. David Thomas, The Vindolanda Writing Tablets (Newcastle upon Tyne: Frank Graham, 1974), p. 29 (pl. XIV).

9 . Judith Harris, Pompeii Awakened: A Story of Rediscovery (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007), pp. 257258.

10 - . Robin Birley, Discoveries at Vindolanda (Newcastle upon Tyne:

Frank Graham, 1973); The Roman Documents from Vindolanda (Green-head: Roman Army Museum Publications, 1990); Alan K. Bowman, Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People (London and New York: Routledge, 1998), esp. pp. 1319.

11 , , . Bowman, Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier, p. 162 (pl. VI).

12 , , . Alan K. Bowman, The Roman Imperial Army: Letters and Literacy on the Northern Frontier, in Alan K. Bowman and Greg Woolf (eds), Literacy and Power in the Ancient World (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 109125; . 124.

13 . Bowman, The Roman Imperial Army, pp. 124125; Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier, pp. 8299, . 83: - , , . . Alan K. Bowman, Literacy in the Roman Empire: Mass and Mode, in J. H. Humphrey (ed.), Literacy in the Roman World (Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplement Series 3; Ann Arbor, MI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1991), pp. 119131.

14 , , . Amedeo Maiuri, Herculaneum and the Villa of the Papyri (Novara: Istituto Geografico de Agostini, 1974); Harris, Pompeii Awakened, pp. 4461.

15 , , Corpus In-scriptionum Latinarum, vol. 4.

16 . Michael E. Stone (ed.), Rock Inscriptions and Graffiti Project (3 vols, SBLRBS 28, 29, 31; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 19921994). Stone , 8 500 , : , . , , , , , , , , . , .

17 . Rodolfo Lanciani, Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1898), pp. 121122 + plate. . B. Hudson McLean, An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002), p. 208 (discovered in the subterranean chambers of the Roman Palatine Hill); David L. Balch and Carolyn Osiek, Early Christian Families in Context: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003), pp. 103104; John Granger Cook, Envisioning Crucifixion: Light from Several Inscriptions and the Palatine Graffito, NovT 50 (2008), pp. 262285, esp. 282285. , . , Graydon F. Snyder, Ante Pacem: Archaeological Evidence of Church Life before Constantine (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1985), pp. 2728, . Everett Ferguson, Backgrounds of Early Christianity (2nd edn, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993), pp. 559561, .

18 . Maria Antonietta Tomei, Museo Palatino (Milan: Electa, 1997), pp. 104105. . 104.

19 Anthologia Latina: , , (415.23).

20 , , . Cook, Envisioning Crucifixion, p. 283, n. 91.

21 . George W. Houston, Papyrological Evidence for Book Collections and Libraries in the Roman Empire, in William A. Johnson and Holt N. Parker (eds), Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 233267. . Katelijn Vandorpe, Archives and Dossiers, in Roger S. Bagnall (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 216255.

22 . J. Keith Elliott, T. C. Skeat on the Dating and Origin of Codex Vaticanus, in T. C. Skeat, The Collected Biblical Writings of T. C. Skeat (introduced

and edited by J. Keith Elliott; NovTSup 113; Leiden: Brill, 2004), pp. 281294, . 293.

23 , , , VI VII . , V , , XII . . Frederick G. Kenyon, The Text of the Greek Bible (3rd edn, ed. A. W. Adams; London: Duckworth, 1975), pp. 4142, 44. , , .

24 , , , . Larry W. Hurtado, The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscript and Christian Origins (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006), pp. 147148.

25 . Shemuel Safrai, Education and the Study of Torah, in Shemuel Safrai and Menahem Stern (eds), The Jewish People in the First Century (2 vols, CRINT 1.12; Assen: Van Gorcum; Philadelphia: Fortress, 19741976), pp. 2:945970; . 952. Safrai (Education and the Study of Torah, pp. 953955) , y. Meg. 3.1 (73d); y. Ketub. 13.1 (35c), , . - I ?

26 , , , . J. P. Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Vol 1, The Roots of the Problem and the Person (New York: Doubleday, 1991), p. 271; and Craffert and Botha, Why Jesus Could Walk on the Sea but He Could not Read and Write, pp. 2425.

27 , , . Paul Foster, Educating Jesus: The Search for a Plausible Context, JSHJ 4 (2006), pp. 7-33.

28 70 . . . Shaye J. D. Cohen, Epigraphical Rabbis, JQR 72 (19811982), pp. 1-17.

29 . Rainer Riesner, Jesus als Lehrer (WUNT 2/7; Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1981); Bruce D. Chilton and Craig A. Evans, Jesus and Israels Scriptures, in

Bruce D. Chilton and Craig A. Evans (eds), Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research (NTTS 19; Leiden: Brill, 1994), pp. 281335, here 285298.

30 , , . John A. T. Robinson, Did Jesus have a Distinctive Use of Scripture?, in his Twelve More New Testament Studies (London: SCM Press, 1984, pp. 3543). , . , , . . James D. G. Dunn, Jesus Remembered (Christianity in the Making 1; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003), p. 314.

31 , , , . Richard T. France, Jesus and the Old Testament: His Application of Old Testament Passages to Himself and His Mission (London: Tyndale, 1971), pp. 259263.

32 . Craig A. Evans, The Scriptures of Jesus and His Earliest Followers, in Lee M. McDonald and James A. Sanders (eds), The Canon Debate (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002), pp. 185195.

33 , ( pesharim) 22 , 35, 31. James C.VanderKam, Authoritative Literature in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Dead Sea Discoveries 5 (1998), pp. 382402; Question of Canon Viewed through the Dead Sea Scrolls, in McDonald and Sanders (eds), The Canon Debate, pp. 91-109.

34 : , , , [ Sipre Deut. 161 ( 17:19)]. , , .

 





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