, ( ) .
, , , - . - . -, - , - :
) BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4 ¯ + 2NaC
Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 ¯
) Na2SO3 +2HCl = 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O
SO32-+ 2H+ SO2 + H2O
) 2CH3COOK + H2SO4 = K2SO4 + 2CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH
) ()2 + 2 HNO3 = Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O
OH- + H+ H2O
) NH4OH + HCl = NH4Cl + H2O
NH4OH + H+ NH4+ + H2
) [Zn(H2O)2(OH)2] + 2NaOH = Na2[Zn(OH)4] + 2H2O
[Zn(H2O)2(OH)2] + 2OH- Zn(OH)4]2- + 2H2O
, ( -) , , - . , - , - -, .. AgI (8,3×10-17) AgCl (1,8×10-10): AgCl ¯ + I- = AgI ¯ + Cl-. 3 + - = 3- + 2 - . - , - (1,8×10-16) - (1,8×10-5). : 3 -, ( ), -.
Zn(OH)2 + 2H+ = Zn2+ + 2H2O (), - - +; .
, , , - . , , , , .. , .
(h) (). - . . : h<<1, = × h2, .
|
|
, : NaNO2, KCN, Na2SO3, CH3COONa, K3PO4 .. (>7), .. - -.
KCN + H2O ⇄ HCN + KOH ( )
N- + H2O ⇄ HCN + OH- ( ).
: ; : [OH-] = h × C = . - ;
[OH-] = ; = 14 = 14 (-lg[OH]) = 14 + lg .
:
Na3PO4 + H2O ⇄ Na2HPO4 + NaOH ( )
PO43- + H2O ⇄ HPO42- + OH-
;
Na2HPO4.
- - . , - +, 42- ( ). - 42- -- 24-, :
42- + 2 ⇄ 24- + -
- , : , = -lg K(). > 7, ,
< 7 - . Na2HPO4
.
:
Na2HPO4 + H2O ⇄ NaH2PO4 + NaOH ( )
NaH2PO4 , - : .
, : NH4NO3, Al(NO3)3, ZnSO4 , CuCl2, Be(NO3)2 .. NH4NO3 + H2O = NH4OH + HNO3 : , : . = - lg[H+] = h× = .
:
NH4+ + H2O ⇄ NH4OH + H+; pH < 7.
, : Fe3+ + H2O ⇄ Fe(OH)2+ + H+ ( ).
. - , , , -:
Fe(OH)2+ + H2O ⇄ Fe(OH)2+ + H+ ( ).
, , FeCl3 , Fe(OH)3:
|
|
Fe(OH)2+ + H2O ⇄ Fe(OH)3 + H+ ( ).
C , :
H3COONa, NH4NO2, NH4CN, (NH4)2S, (NH4)3PO4, (NH4)HCO3 .. NH4NO2 + H2O ⇄ NH4OH + HNO2 :
NH4+ + NO2- + H2O ⇄ NH4OH + HNO2
: . - . .(HNO2) = 5,1×10-4 .(NH4OH) = 1,8×10-5, - .
. (Cr3+, Al3+, Fe3+, Be2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ .) (H2CO3, H2SO3, H2S, HCN .), ( ), :
Al2S3 + 6H2O ⇄ 2Al(OH)3¯ + 3H2S
Cr2(CO3)3 + 3H2O ⇄ 2Cr(OH)3¯ + 3CO2.
, . - - .
- 32-, ()3, - - 2()23. :
2Fe(NO3)3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O ⇄ 2Fe(OH)3¯ + 3CO2 + 6NaNO3.
(III) Fe3+:
Fe3+ + H2O ⇄ Fe(OH)2+ + H+,
32-:
32- + H2O ⇄ 3- + -.
. - + - , - 2, . , Fe(OH)3 2.
. , (u)23 , u()2. - CuSO4 Na2CO3
2CuSO4 + 2Na2CO3 + H2O ⇄ (u)23¯ + 3CO2 + Na2SO4
2Cu2+ + 232- + H2O ⇄ (u)23¯ + 3CO2
( , ); - ( ), . , . - , .