| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
Pay, duration, poverty, finance (2), possession, receive, safely, earned, partial, liable, payable, different, earn, decide, use (2), week, difference, receivable, durable, liability, ability, payment, earning, weekly, financial, safety, possess, part (2), be able to, distribute, usable, decision, poor, partially, safe, poorly, able, receipt, differentiate, distribution.
10.
1.
:
1. Don't you speak English? 1. My mother does.
2. What man can help you? 2. No, I don't.
3. Does your father or mother believe in God? 3. A strong one.
4. When are winter coats 4. In November.
in greatest demand in Russia?
:
You cannot speak Spanish. You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. She does not play the guitar.
6. You have to work hard at your English.
, :
7. Yes, I am writing a letter to my grandmother.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous :
8. When they (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
9. I (to thank) him for what he (to do) for me.
10. The telegram (to arrive) five minutes after you (to leave) the house.
, ( ):
11. Boys (discuss) this with their mother by tonight.
12. He (manage) the team for seven years by next month.
2.
:
1. He wrote the story ____ his life.
2.The writer lived ____ London ____ great poverty.
3. He was standing outside the door _____his house and explaining ____ the mechanic what was wrong with his car.
4. My father goes ____work every day, so he stays ____ town.
:
5. Im sorry but we have to break up.
6. She nearly passed out when she saw the blood.
7. We must carry on with this tempo to finish the construction in time.
8. Youll have to put up with her nasty behavior.
out : watch find eat break make blow clear go turn count
9. In hot weather, the fire can out quite easily.
10. Tim has to out 10 candles on his birthday cake today.
11. Im tired of staying inside. Why dont we out somewhere?
12. Im tired of cooking at home. Why dont we out somewhere?
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous:
1. I (to spend) a wonderful time in France now.
2. Every day tourists (to have) a lot of fun in the Valleys.
3. When visitors (to walk) and (to go) on picnics?
4. The sun (rise) in the East.
:
5. Pamela have a new car. On Fridays she like going to the cinema.
Past Simple :
|
|
|
6. did/ live/ you/ where/ when/ you were/ a child?
will/ to be going to:
7. He . start a new job next week.
, to be going to :
My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. His intention is to ride a bicycle today.
Present Continuous:
9. Mary and Ann (to help) their parents on a farm now.
, Participle I.
10. I saw her talking with a woman.
, Participle I. :
11. While (to learn) the pronunciation of the words we learned their meaning.
:
12. They (______) every day until the end of the month.
perform
will be performing
will perform
4.
Past Progressive, . :
I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1. Sally phoned her friend in the morning.
, :
: No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. No, we were not playing computer games at 12 o'clock yesterday.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous:
3. My sister (to read) a book yesterday.
4. They (not to sleep) at 9 o'clock yesterday.
Present Perfect:
5. Where you (to be) all day long yesterday?
6. he (to come) to the Institute yet?
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet
7. Have you been to London?
8. Tom hasnt been at school a week.
9. These boy are my pupils.
10. When have she bought the book?
11. She just wrote a letter.
12. Now they is playing tennis.
5.
:
1. The doctor (examine) his last patient at this time tomorrow.
, .
2. May I invite my sister-in law to the party?
3. You have to work hard at your German, if you are going to study in Germany.
can be able to
4. Ask Ann about your problem. She should _______ help you.
neednt/ have to/ mustnt/ didnt need to/ have to neednt have
5. I _____ leave yet. I am not flying until 3.00 p.m.
:
6. If you are under 17, you _____ drive a car in Britain.
could, was / were able to couldnt:
7. The girl fell into the river but fortunately we _______ rescue her.
mustnt dont/ doesnt have to:
8. We _______ leave yet. Weve got plenty of time
:
9. .
10. 50 .
:
11. Jane has got a headache. He sleep well recently.
a) cant
b) couldnt have
c) hasnt been able to
12. I sleep for hours when I was a little girls.
a) could
b) am able to
|
|
|
c) can
6.
,
Before you read
- What can be done to solve the problem of loss of job satisfaction?
The division of labor
In a developed country the production process is split into a very large number of individual operations and each operation is the special task of one worker. The principle of the division of labor is now carried to remarkable lengths and the production of relatively simple things may be broken down into hundreds of sepa-rate operations.
To illustrate the increased productivity of specialization, Adam Smith provided the classical example of pin making. One worker is said to make at best few dozen imperfect pins a day. However, when pin making is broken down into a number of simple repetitive operations, a few workers can turn out hundred of thousands of perfect pins per day. Perhaps the epitome of specialization is the modern automobile assembly line, where cars move down a conveyor belt and workers, or even robots, perform highly specialized functions. A worker might concentrate on putting left tires on Hondas. The result of such specialization is the enormous increase in labor productivity in many manufacturing industries.
Specialization leads to such great increases in productivity because a person who spends time performing one relatively simple task becomes extremely proficient at that particular operation. One of the most important advantages of the division of labor is that it makes possible a much greater use of machinery. When a complex process has been broken down into a series of separate, simple processes, it is possible to devise machinery to carry out each individual operation.
Modern technology allied to the extensive use of the division of labor has made possible enormous increases in the output of goods and services. It has transformed the living standards of millions of people, made possible a great reduction of work-ing hours, and, by providing for more leisure, has given people the opportunity to lead fuller and richer lives. But the division of labor has a number of disadvantages. One of them is that there is no opportunity for the worker to exercise initiative, judgment, manual skills, or responsibility. The wide use of machinery has led to a marked decline in the degree of craftsmanship.
Now read the text and answer these question s:
1. What happens to production process in a developed country?
2. Who was the first to provide the classical example of specialization?
3. Why does specialization lead to such an increase in productivity?
4. What is the greatest advantage of the division of labor?
5. What makes possible for people to lead fuller and richer lives?
Complete the following sentences according to the text:
1. The division of labor means
2. The production process is split into
3. Specialization leads to the increase in productivity because
4. The most important advantage of the division of labor is
5. The wide use of machinery has led to
Fill in the table with the derivatives:
| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
Compete, depend, variety, favorable, independence, commerce, select, type, competitor, persistently, compare, typically, commercial, independent, competition, persistence, comparative, selection, comparatively, vary, persistent, restrict, favor (2), number (2), comparison, independently, restricted, numerous, competitive, class, various, typical, classify, persist, selective, restriction.
2
( )
1.
1.
:
1. What helps you in your work? 1. Yes, I have.
2. Have you ever seen the rain? 2. I would like to go to the cinema.
3. Can you help her? 3. My good sense of humor does.
|
|
|
4. What would you like to do?
to watch TV or go to the cinema? 4 No, I can't
: You can't speak Spanish. You cannot speak Spanish, can you?
5. She is reading an interesting book.
6. We have not had German today.
C , .
7. No, We have not been to London.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. By 4 oclock yesterday I (to do) my homework and at 6 oclock I (to watch) a video film.
9. By five oclock the girl (to come) home and at six she (to have) dinner.
10. The grandfather (to come) home by two oclock.
, ( ).
11. Kate (repair) her car by the next Saturday.
12. They (do) the washing by nine oclock in the evening.
2.
:
1. There is a man and a woman ____ the picture.
2. They did not want to stay ___town in such a hot day, so we went ___ the village.
3. The teacher hung a picture ___ the wall.
4. America was discovered _____ Columbus.
Let`s go ______ a walk.
5. Im sorry but we have to break up.
6. She nearly passed out when she saw the blood.
7. We must carry on with this tempo to finish the construction in time.
8. Youll have to put up with her nasty behavior.
out : watch find eat break make blow clear go turn count
9. In hot weather the fire can out quite easily.
10. Tim has to out 10 candles on his birthday cake today.
11. Im tired of staying inside. Why dont we out somewhere?
12. Im tired of cooking at home. Why dont we out somewhere?
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous.
1. Many interesting places (to attract) tourists to the USA.
2. There (to be) many old castles in Spain where people lived many years ago.
3. Listen! Who (to play) the piano in the next room?
4. Excuse me, you (speak) English? Yes, a little.
.
5. Hurry! The bus comes. I not wanting to miss it.
Past Simple :
6. travel/ you / time / by / first / plane / last / did/ year/ for the/?
will / to be going to.
7. Whats Janes phone number? Just a minute. I look it up in my notebook.
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. Her plan is to visit Paris.
Present Continuous.
9. Mike (to learn) an English poem now.
, Participle I.
10. The captain watched the sailors unloading the steamer.
, Participle I. .
11. (To write) out all the words, he started to learn them.
12. - Lets meet at the station at 5 oclock. - OK. I (______) for you there.
ll wait
will be waiting
wait
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1. We read newspapers in the evening.
, . : No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, he was busy yesterday.
|
|
|
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
3. They (to play) computer games yesterday.
4. I (to play) computer games at 5 o'clock yesterday.
Present Perfect.
5. We... (to know) each other since 2008.
6. My sister... (not to go) out all day long yesterday.
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. She has come from the library.
8. Have you been to Paris?
. .
9. This program are bad.
10. These boys are my pupil.
11. He speak English badly.
12. When have you bought the book?
5.
1. I hope they (not forget) all this by tomorrow.
, .
2. My daughter is to finish school in a year.
3. He has to come to the party.
, .
4. I wish you had explained the situation to me.
Should You ______ the situation to me.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have.
5) You _____ enter this area without permission.
(may, can, must, could).
6) Hello, _____ I speak to Tom, please?
could, was / were able to or couldnt.
7. My brother had hurt his leg, so he _______ walk very well.
mustntt or dont / doesnt have to.
8. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I _______ work.
9. .
10. 50 .
11. Jane has got a headache. He sleep well recently.
a) cant
b) couldnt have
c) hasnt been able to
12. I sleep for hours when I was a little girls.
a) could
b) am able to
c) can
6.
,
MODERN ENGINEERING
The History of the concept of engineering stems from the earliest times when humans began to make inventions, such as the pulley, lever, or wheel. The exact etymology of the word engineer is a person occupationally connected with the study, design and implementation of engines; an engineer is someone who makes useful or practical inventions.
The first electrical engineer is considered to be William Gilbert, who was the originator of the term electricity. The first steam engine was built in 1698 by mechanical engineer Thomas Savery. With the rise of engineering as a profession in 19-th century, the term became more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied to these ends.
Now engineering science is among the world`s top undergraduate engineering programmes. Its mission is to prepare the students for careers at the forefront of research, teaching, design and professional practice in applied science and engineering, or for careers in other professions.
Modern engineering includes technology, but also concerned with development and understanding of technological systems and products. Technical engineering is the activity of transforming and transporting of materials and forces of nature and of energy and information, which are technical measures of utility.
The broad discipline of engineering encompasses a range of specialized disciplines that focus on the issues associated with developing a specific kind of product, or using a specific type of technology. The task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result.
:
make inventions, design, the invention of steam engine, pulley, lever, engineering, to prepare for careers, design and implementation of engines, applied science, engineering science, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, forefront of research, teaching, development of technological systems and products, undergraduate engineering programmes, scientific methods, technical measures of utility; , , , , , , / , , , , , -, -, , , , , .
|
|
|
:
1. Modern Engineering is _________ by the broad application of systems engineering principles.
(defined, known, characterized)
2. Engineering Science is among the world`s top undergraduate engineering ______.
(context, content, programs).
3. The mission of __________is to prepare the students for careers at the forefront of research and professional practice in applied science and engineering.
(undergraduate engineering programs, electrical engineers, mechanical engineers).
:
-
-
.
.
1. .
2. , , , , .
3. , .
2.
1.
:
1. Is your mother sleeping? 1. It is on the window.
2. Who likes to play? 2. No, she is not.
3. How was the match? 3. It was very interesting.
4. Where is your book:
on the window or on the table? 4. Children do.
: You can't speak Spanish. You cannot speak Spanish, can you?
5. I cannot go to London now.
6. He must know English very well.
, .
7. No, we have not seen this film.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. When I (to ring) him up, he already (to do) his homework.
9. When they (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
10. He (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him.
, ( ).
11. We (visit) some European countries the next fall.
12. They (finish) this work by two oclock of the morning.
2.
:
1. The lesson finishes ____ four o`clock.
2. The son ____ the King is called the Crown Prince.
3. In winter I usually go ___ bed at ten o'clock because I have to get up early.
4. There are many people ______ the park today.
5. Come on, what is on your mind?
6. I will not be able to visit you tonight if something else comes up.
7. Water turns into ice at 100 C.
8. Why dont we just put the trip off until the next month?
out : watch find eat break make blow clear go turn count
9. out! The monkeys are going to attack.
10. If you go to the party tonight, me out. I wont go.
11. We couldnt out the meaning of her poem.
12. Mike out a successful designer.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous.
1. Look! A big white bird (sit) in our garden.
2. What you (to do) now? You (to play) football?
3. I (not to walk) around in rainy days.
4. What... she (do)? She is a teacher.
.
5. The river Nile is flow into the Mediterranean.
Past Simple :
6. morning / you / time / get / up / what / last / did?
will / to be going to.
7. Why are you buying so much food? Because I cook for ten people.
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. My intention is to study at the University.
Present Continuous.
9. The children (to look) at the blackboard now.
, Participle I.
10. I saw the workers packing the goods.
, Participle I. .
11. (To buy) food, they left supermarket.
12. I (______)for my exam on Philosophy all day tomorrow.
works
am working
will be working
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1. Tom wrote a letter to his grandmother.
, . : No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, my grandmother was watching TV at 9.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
3. Jane (to play) computer games from two until three yesterday.
Present Perfect.
4. When... you... (see) him last?
5. We . (to play) computer games all day long yesterday.
6. Where you (to be) all the time?
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. We have come back from the library.
8. They have not seen him ages.
. .
9. I have sister.
10. She just wrote a letter.
11. Now they is playing tennis.
12. We are listening to the concert yesterday at four p. m.
5.
1. I think he (cook) dinner by the time mother (come) home.
, .
2. They have to come to the meeting.
3. We have to get up early on weekdays.
, .
4) Simon left the waiter a bigger tip then was necessary.
Have to Simon _______ the waiter such a big tip.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have.
5) You _____ wash the clothes. I will do it tomorrow.
(may, can, must, could).
6) _____ I use your telephone?
could, was / were able to or couldnt.
7. Elaine was not at home when I phoned but I _______ contact her at her office.
mustnt or dont / doesnt have to.
8. Whatever you do, you _______ touch that switch. Its very dangerous!
9. .
10. , .
11. Jane has got a headache. He sleep well recently.
a) cant
b) couldnt have
c) hasnt been able to
12. I sleep for hours when I was a little girls.
a) could
b) am able to
c) can
6.
,
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
As with all modern scientific and technological efforts computers and software play an increasingly important role. Numerical methods and simulations can help predict design performance more accurately than previous approximations. Using computer-aided design (CAD) software, engineers are able to create more easily drawings and models of their designs. Computer models of designs can be checked for flaws without having to make expensive and time-consuming prototypes.
Computer Engineering is a discipline encompassing electronic engineering and computer science. This hybrid of electronic engineering and computer science allows the computer engineer to work on both software and hardware, and to integrate the two. Computer engineers are involved in all aspects of computing, from design of the microprocessors to the integration of the computer systems into other kinds of systems, e.g. motor vehicle has a number of subsystems that are computer and digitally oriented. Electronic equipment today relies very heavily on computer technology and so electronic engineers and computer engineers may work together to design and manufacture electronic equipment, which requires both hardware and software design. Computing Hardware engineers research, design, develop, test, and oversee the installation of computer hardware and supervise its manufacture and installation. Computer Software engineers design and develop the software systems that control computers.
:
engineering and computer science, numerical methods and simulations, software and hardware, computer engineer, hardware and software design, computer hardware engineers, computer software engineers, motor vehicle, manufacture electronic equipment; , , //, , , , , .
:
1. Computers can help people work ________ creatively. (more, much, many)
2. Computers are increasingly____ for solving complex problems as for handling, storing, and generating the enormous volume of data. (written, used, described)
3. Electronic ____ today relies very heavily on computer technology. (equipment, goods, production)
:
.
1. .
2. , , , .
3. , .
3.
1.
:
1. Do you love her or does your friend? 1. No, they did not.
2. Did their friends come here last time? 2. Our friends' children did.
3. Whose children came? 3. My friend does.
4. Is your house being built? 4. No, it isn't.
: You can't speak Spanish. You cannot speak Spanish, can you?
5. We shall soon see the Black Sea.
6. He has seen this film on TV.
, .
7. Yes, we have come a long way since breakfast.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. Elaine (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him.
9. The telegram (to arrive) five minutes after you (to leave) the house.
10. Suddenly I (to remember) that I (to leave) my exercise book at home.
, ( ).
11. Grace (leave) by the end of the week.
12. Girls (discuss) this with their mother by tonight.
2.
:
1. ____ the plate there were some apples and oranges.
2. There were some cigarettes ____ the box.
3. London is the capital _____ Great Britain.
4. I wrote __________him asking to send me a box __________ chocolate.
5. He caught a terrible cold but I am sure hell put through.
6. We ended up visiting our friend after shopping last night.
7. She finally figured out how to solve the problem.
8. He is used to looking down on his employees.
out : watch find eat break make blow clear go turn count
9. out! The monkeys are going to attack.
10. If you go to the party tonight, me out. I wont go.
11. We could not out the meaning of her poem.
12. Mike out a successful designer.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous
1. She (not to do) her homework she (to watch) TV now.
2. Where is Nick? He (play) football in the yard.
3. That French girl (speak) English very well.
4. Sorry, I am very busy. I (to have) a lesson.
.
5. The river flow very fast today much faster than usual.
Past Simple :
will / to be going to.
6. What shall we have for dinner today? We have chicken and chips.
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
7. I'm afraid I shall be late.
Present Continuous.
9. Mary (to open) the window now.
, Participle I.
10. We watched them repairing the car.
, Participle I. .
11. (to bark) dog doesnt bite.
12. Next Friday, the President (______) ten years in power.
Celebrates
will celebrate
will be celebrating
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1. We listened to music yesterday.
, . : No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. No, Jane was not writing a letter from 2 till 3 yesterday.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
3. What Nick (to do) yesterday?
4. What they (to do) when I rang you up?
Present Perfect.
5. When... they... (see) her last?
6. She (not to give) me the dictionary yet.
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. My grandparents have lived with us June.
8. Has your brother been to Paris?
. .
9. We know each other for many year. Elaine is my best friend.
10. I go to the library every week
11. Now the children is playing tennis.
12. We are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p.m.
5.
1. My mother (be) a pensioner for ten years by next spring.
, .
2. We have to get up early on weekdays.
3. Elaine and her friend have to come to the party.
, .
4. Visitors are not allowed to feed the animals.
Must Visitors ____________ the animals.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have.
5) She _____ give me a lift, because I had arranged to go by taxi.
(may, can, must, could).
6) You _____ smoke if you like.
could, was / were able to or couldnt.
7. I looked very carefully and I _______ see a figure in the distance.
mustnt or dont / doesnt have to.
8. You _______ forget what I told you. Its very important!
9. .
10. , .
11. Where are my gloves? I put them on because it is cold today.
a) Cant
b) have to
c) neednt
12. You take an umbrella today. The Sun is shining.
a) neednt
b) mustnt
c) cant
6.
,
ERGONOMICS
Ergonomics is known as human engineering or human factors engineering, is the science of designing machines, products, and systems to maximize the safety, comfort, and efficiency of people who use them. Ergonomics draw on the principles of industrial engineering, psychology, anthropometry (the science of human measurement), and biomechanics (the study of muscular activity) to adapt the design of products and workplaces to people`s sizes and shapes and their physical strengths and limitations.
Ergonomists view people and objects they use as one unit. Humans are not as strong as machines, and they can`t calculate as quickly and accurately as computers. Unlike machines, humans need to sleep, and they are subject to illness, accidents, or making mistakes when working without adequate rest. Nevertheless, machines are also limited cars cannot repair themselves, computers do not speak or hear as well as people do, and machines cannot adapt to unexpected situations as well as humans.
One of the primary goals of ergonomics is prevention of workplace illness and accidents. Ergonomists also determine and design safe workplace environmental conditions, such as correct temperature, lighting, noise, and ventilation to ensure that workers perform under optimal conditions. Ergonomists also seek to increase worker efficiency and productivity when designing workplaces. They place those pieces of equipment used most frequently in closest proximity to the worker and arrange systems in ways that are convenient and easy to use.
:
Ergonomics, equipment, accurately, science of designing, anthropometry, biomechanics, t repair, safe workplace, to increase efficiency and productivity environmental conditions, to ensure the optimal conditions. , , , , , , , , , (), , .
:
1. Ergonomists_____ the best possible design for products and systems. (imagines, develop, create)
2. Well-designed workspaces ensure that workers perform their jobs in optimal______. (conveniences, atmosphere, comfort)
3. One of the ______ goals of ergonomics is prevention of work place illness and accidents. (important, primary, main)
:
.
4.
1.
:
1. Must he or must his brother help me? 1. These books (are).
2. Do you feel well? 2. Yes, I do.
3. Will that house be built next month? 3. His brother must.
4. What books are interesting? 4. No, it won't.
: You can't speak Spanish. You cannot speak Spanish, can you?
5. Sally is playing the piano very well.
6. My parents were listening to the concert on TV at 7 p.m.
, .
7. No, I have not been to Paris.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. By six oclock yesterday you (to do) your homework and at six you (to watch) a video film.
9. By 4 oclock the girl (to come) home and at two she (to have) dinner.
10. My parents (to come) home by six oclock.
, ( ).
11. The police (arrest) the thief by the next morning.
12. If they can do it then, they (fulfill) their mission.
2.
:
1. There was a big pot ____ water ____ the top ____ the stove.
2. Elaine spoke English ____ a French accent.
3. The teacher was pleased _______ our work.
4. Put these flowers _______the windowsill.
5. We look forward to hearing from you.
6. I will look up this word in the dictionary.
7. I am sorry but they have to break up.
8. Jane will look after your dog while you are on business.
on : carry try hold count take come switch be put
9. You can on these trousers in the fitting-room.
10. Dont on the TV during a heavy storm.
11. If you keep silence I will on reading the fairy-tale.
12. I have to on my scarf, I have got a sore throat.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous
1. Daniel is in Britain now and he (to write) a letter about his holidays.
2. Sams future (to depend) on his parents.
3. Now tourists (to take) part in a band festival.
4. We... three English lessons a week.
.
5. You can borrow my umbrella. I not needs it at the moment.
Past Simple :
6. did / train / last / you / by / when / travel?
will / to be going to.
7. This room is very hot. You are right. I open the window.
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. I decided to move to the country.
Present Continuous.
9. My parents (to work) now.
, Participle I.
10. I heard him shouting something from the opposite shore.
, Participle I. .
11. She entered the room (to smile).
12. I wonder if that terrible wind (______) tomorrow. Oh, yes. The weather forecast says it (______) for another two weeks.
will blow, will blow
will be blowing, will be blowing
will blow, blows
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at three.
1. They watched a good film.
, . : No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, we were passing the British Museumyesterday at 5 p.m.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
3. His brother (to play) computer games from 2 till 3 yesterday.
4. We (to play) computer games all day long yesterday.
Present Perfect.
5. They... (to know) each other since 2013.
6. Elaine (not to read) a lot of Russian books yet.
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. They have finished their breakfast.
8. Our children have not been at school a week.
. .
9. Now we is playing tennis.
10. They are listening to the concert yesterday at four p. m.
11. We know each other for many year. He is my best friend.
12. He go to the library every week.
5.
1. We hope she (tell) him the news by the time we (come).
, .
2. I think he'll be able to come to party tomorrow.
3. I need to walk, there is a bus going there.
, .
4. You didnt thank your grandmother for the lovely gift.
Ought to You ____________ your grandmother for the lovely gift.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have.
5) The notice says that club members _____ use the pool unattended.
(may, can, must, could).
6) You _____ drive for a year in Britain with an international license.
could, was / were able to or couldntt.
7. My grandmother loved music. She _______ play the piano very well.
mustnt or dont / doesnt have to.
8. You _______ forget what I told you. It is very important!
9. .
10. , .
11. Im sorry, you didnt invite me to your birthday party. You invite me next time.
a) must
b) should
c) need to
12. Well, its 10 oclock. I go now.
a) can
b) has to
c) must
6.
,
FARM TRACTORS
There are many types of farm tractors. The first farm tractor replaced the horse, simply as a vehicle to pull implements. Developments in tractor design, which have taken place since then, have enabled the tractor not only to pull an implement, but also to operate an implement attached to the three-point linkage. The modern tractor can also supply power to operate a machine through PTO, by hydraulic means, or by belt. The most popular t of tractor is the general- purpose tractor.
It is designed to perform a wide range of tasks. Details of design differ in make and size, but most have:
an engine capable of producing between 30 and 700 h.p.;
a transmission system;
four rubber tired wheels;
a drawbar;
a three-point linkage for mounted implements;
a hydraulic system;
PTO shaft driving implements;
a front axle and engine chassis;
a low center of gravity to give stability and reduce the risk of overturning.
The most significant development of recent years has been the steady evolution of tractors, which are specially designed for use with tractor-mounted, or unit-principle implements mounted directly on the tractor itself, raised, and lowered by means of a power lift. The row-crop tractor, which was specially designed for work between the rows of growing crops, is gradually becoming merged with the unit-principle tractor into an all-purpose machine, which retains the essential row-crop features.
:
a vehicle, to pull, an implement, to operate, engine chassis, essential row-crop features, growing crops, h.p. (horsepower), a transmission system, a drawbar, a front axle, to reduce, a center of gravity, an all-purpose machine, three-point linkage, PTO (Power Take-Off) shaft.
:
1. The first was, to pull, tractor, a vehicle, implements.
2. Can, the modern, also, tractor, to operate, supply, power, through PTO, a machine. The most, tractor, popular, is, the general-purpose tractor, type, of.
3. Was designed, the row-crop tractor, between, for work, the rows, crops,
growing, of.
:
1. Developments in tractor design enabled the tractor () the attached implement. The implements are supplied with () through PTO shaft, by hydraulic means, or by belts.
2. Details of () differ in make and size.
3. Most tractors have ( ) for driving implements.
5.
1.
:
1. Can you or can your friend play tennis? 1. Those new books (are).
2. Do you like the King or the Queen? 2. My friend can.
3. Has the post come yet? 3. I like the Queen
4. Which books are interesting? 4. No, it has not.
: You can't speak Spanish. You cannot speak Spanish, can you?
5. London is on the River Thames.
6. They have not had English today.
, .
7. No, I have not seen this book.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. When they (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
9. She (to thank) me for what I (to do) for her.
10. The telegram (to arrive) 20 minutes after he (to leave) the house.
, ( ).
11. The boy (finish) his essay by three oclock in the morning.
12. Pete (manage) the team for seven years by next month.
2.
:
1. Heres a birthday present ________you.
2. You can buy tea and sugar ____ the shop.
3. I explained ___ the teacher that by the end ___ the lesson, I had not finished the translation ___ the text and that is why I had not handed it ___him.
4. She was cured _____ a very skillful doctor.
5. I never get into an argument with my boss.
6. He dreams about getting into a good university.
7. Now, let us get out of here.
8. The film will probably go on for another hour.
up : wake pick bring eat give look set get tidy break
9. Boys, stop chatting and up your breakfast.
10. Little Alice was up by a nanny.
11. He always up the new words in the dictionary.
12. He is going to up a joint venture.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous.
1. My brother (to play) the drums in parade now.
2. Ulster (to attract) many people every year, it (to have) its own symbol and flag.
3. People (to choose) different ways of travelling in England.
4. He usually (come) home at 3 p.m.
.
5. George say hes 80 years old but I not believing him.
Past Simple :
6. do / what / Sunday / you / last / did?
will / to be going to.
7. I have lost my dog. Dont worry. I help you to find it.
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. Our intention is to learn French.
Present Continuous.
9. Mandy still in the garden (to work).
, Participle I.
10.He watched them going down the mountain.
, Participle I. .
11. (To drink) coffee she was talking to her friend.
12. Elaine (______) every day until the end of the month.
Performs
will be performing
will perform
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1. They had dinner in the kitchen.
, . : No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, we were working from 16 till 19 yesterday.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
3. What Nick (to do) when you came to his place?
4. What he (to do) yesterday?
Present Perfect.
5. They... (to be) in London the whole day long yesterday.
6. He(to see) a very interesting film yesterday morning.
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. She hasnt bought him a present .
8. They have not been at school a week.
. .
11. Elaine speak German badly.
12. When have you bought the book?
9. I have brother.
10. We just wrote a letter.
5.
1. What you (do) when I (call) on you at 5 tomorrow?
, .
2. Sally is to come to the meeting.
3. Oleg has to finish school in a year.
, .
4. Exam candidates are obliged to follow the instructions.
Haveto Exam candidates _____________ the instructions.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have.
5) Elaine _____ cook dinner as she had arranged to go to an Italian restaurant with Lisa.
(may, can, must, could).
6) _____ I borrow your camera?
could, was / were able to or couldnt.
7. The girl fell into the river but fortunately we _______ rescue him.
mustnt or dont / doesnt have to.
8. We _______ leave yet. We have a plenty of time
9. .
10. .
11. Where are my gloves? I put them on because it is cold today.
a) cant
b) have to
c) neednt
12. Well, its 10 oclock. I go now.
a) can
b) has to
c) must
6.
,
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Today we often say that we live in an age of science and technology. In recent years, scientific and technological developments have drastically changed live on our planet as well as our views both of ourselves as individuals in society and of the Universe as whole.
Today, science and technology are closely related. Many modern technologies such as nuclear power and space flights depend on science and the application of scientific knowledge and principles. Each advance in pure science creates new opportunities for the development of new ways of making things to be used in daily life.
Technology refers to the ways in which people use discoveries to satisfy needs and desires, to alter the environment, to improve their lives. Throughout human history, men and women have invented tools, machines, materials and techniques, to make their lives easier.
When we speak of technology today, generally, we mean industrial technology, or the technology that began about 200 years ago with the development of power-driven machines, growth of the factory system, and mass production of goods that has created the basis for our modern society.
The scientific revolution that began in the 16th century was the first time that science and technology began to work together. Thus, Galileo, who made revolutionary discoveries in astronomy and physics, also built an improved telescope and patented a system of lifting water. However, it wasn`t until the 19th century, that technology truly was based on science and inventors began to build on the work of scientists. For example, Thomas Edison built on the early experiments of Faraday and Henry in his invention of the first practical system of electrical lighting. So too, Edison carried on his investigation until he found the carbon filament for the electric bulb in a research laboratory.
.
What does the term industrial technology mean?
What role has scientific and technological development played in man`s life?
What was the first true technological research?
:
Industrial technology, research laboratory, the scientific revolution, the application of scientific knowledge and principles, the development of power-driven machines, to improve telescope, to patent the system of electrical lighting, carry on the investigation.
.
1. .
2. , , , , .
3. , .
6.
1.
:
1. When will you read my letter: 1. No, I can't
today or tomorrow?
2. Do you have to help your father? 2. One / A bottle.
3. Can you rely on the strength of the ice? 3. I will do it tomorrow.
4. How much liquid was used? 4. No, I do not.
: You can't speak Spanish. You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. My sister was born in 1996.
6. They are playing football now.
, .
7. Yes, they have a very nice room.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous
