During large-scale emergencies tens and even hundreds of thousands of people can appear without housing, water, food, and medical care. At the same time even a 20-30 hour delay may essentially impair people's survival under extreme conditions. Therefore, the actions aimed at primary life-support of the affected population should be taken simultaneously with rescue work and rendering medical aid to the victims. It must be done at least not later than within 8-10 hours after the start of the emergency relief operation.
Previously, there were no special forces for prompt organizing primary life-support of the population. Such units were to be formed and provided with equipment adequate for the purpose, tactics of application, and the conditions of functioning in emergency areas. Nowadays these units are mobile units with qualified personnel and modem equipment.
The mobile units play a significant role in emergency zones, particularly if the territorial life-support systems have been destroyed or in regions of temporary accommodation of the evacuated population the capacity of the local life-support system is not sufficient. These units also act in quarantine zones, in the zones of bacteriological contamination, in field camps of refugees and evacuees.
The mobile units may be of three types: non-military, paramilitary and military ones. It does not seem that the first type requires any explanation. The second type is a unit whose personnel is recruited from civilian persons on the volunteer basis. The personnel of military mobile units are conscripts. The servicemen serve on contract. Such units are well-controlled, which makes it possible to maintain them on permanent standby for pushing out to an emergency area or relocation. These units seem to be the most universal. Depending on their tasks, structure, and tactical characteristics of their equipment, the main tactical units of primary life-support of the population include a motor battalion, a life-support train and an airmobile group.
The facilities to support functioning mobile life-support units are made in the form of independent modules such as communications and control, fuel and power supply, repair and maintenance, and engineering.
According to the promptness of their arrival at an emergency area and setting up their module equipment there, the mobile life-support force can be used in three echelons.
The first echelon should be able to come to an emergency zone within the first day after occurrence of the emergency but not later than within 16 hours and the mobile life-support forces should be able to independently tackle the problems of primary life-support of the affected population.
For the second and the third echelons the terms are not later than 22 hours and within 36 hours after the beginning of the emergency. Primary life-support should be performed by the units and facilities mostly of the first echelon, which must provide the population with all essentials for satisfying the minimal physiological demands for survival under extreme conditions.
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The subsequent improvement of the living conditions of the affected population is the task of the life-support force of the second and third echelons.
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EMERGENCY EVACUATION
Emergency evacuation is the immediate and urgent movement of people away from the threat or actual occurrence of a hazard.
Examples range from the small scale evacuation of a building due to a storm or fire to the large scale evacuation of a district because of a flood, bombardment or approaching weather system.
Evacuation may be carried out before, during or after such natural disasters as eruptions of volcanoes, cyclones, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis or bushfire. Other reasons to evacuate people include industrial accidents such as chemical spill, nuclear accident, traffic accidents, including train or aviation accidents, fire, military attacks, bombings, terrorist attacks, military battles, structural failure, etc.
Emergency evacuation plans are developed to ensure the safest and most efficient evacuation time of all expected residents of a structure, city or region. Evacuation time for different hazards and conditions is established. These benchmarks can be established through using best practices, regulations or using simulations, such as modeling the flow of people in a building to determine the time. Proper planning will use multiple exits, contra-flow lanes, and special technologies to ensure full, fast and complete evacuation. Consideration for personal situations which may affect an individual's ability to evacuate is taken into account. These are alarm signals that use both aural and visual alerts, and also evacuation equipment such as sleds, pads, and chairs for non-ambulatory people. Regulations such as building codes can be used to reduce the possibility of panic by allowing individuals to process the need to self-evacuate without causing alarm. Proper planning will implement an all-hazards approach so that plans can be reused for multiple hazards that could exist.
The sequence of an evacuation can be divided into six phases. These are detection, decision, alarm, reaction, movement to an area of refuge or an assembly station, and transportation.
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EARLY WARNING
Early warning is the provision of timely and effectiveinformation through identified institutions that allowsindividuals exposed to hazard to take action to avoidor reduce their risk and prepare for effective response. According to the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction early warning is the integration of four main elements. These are risk knowledge, monitoring and predicting, disseminating information, and response.
Risk assessment provides essential information to set priorities for mitigation and prevention strategies and designing early warning systems. Systems with monitoring and predicting capabilities provide timely estimates of the potential risk faced by communities, economies and the environment.
Communication systems are needed for delivering warning messages to the potentially affected locations to alert local and regional governmental agencies. The messages need to be reliable, synthetic and simple to be understood by authorities and the public.
Coordination, good governance and appropriate action plans are key points in effective early warning. Likewise, public awareness and education are critical aspects of disaster mitigation.
Failure of any part of the system will imply failure of the whole system. For example, accurate warnings will have no impact if the population is not prepared or if the alerts are received but not disseminated by the agencies receiving the messages.
Effective early warning systems embrace four aspects. They include risk analysis, monitoring and predicting location and intensity of the disaster, communicating alerts to authorities and to those potentially affected, and responding to the disaster. The early warning system has to address all aspects.
By providing information that allows individuals and communities to protect their lives and property early warning systems help to reduce economic losses and mitigate the number of injuries or deaths from a disaster. Early warning information empowers people to take action prior to a disaster. If well integrated with risk assessment studies and communication and action plans, early warning systems can lead to substantive benefits. Providing warning more accurately we will be able to manage and mitigate a disasters impact on society, economies, and environment.
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