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| The present paper is concerned with The research work is about (deals with, devoted to...) | ... |
| Our main (primary) concern is... We shall concern ourselves with (the problem of)... We are concerned with... | , , ... |
| We would like to concentrate on... | ... |
| ... will be observed here. | ... . |
| The paper embraces a wide range of problems | . |
| The main emphasis in this work will be on... | ... |
| My work will be centred on (the following issues) | ( ) |
| The paper presents (a comparative analysis of...) | ( )... |
| In this paper we shall present... | ... |
2. .
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| The problem is... | , ... |
| The problem posed (raised, studied, considered, discussed) here is... | , (, , ), ... |
| We shall consider (briefly) in detail the problem of... | () ... |
| We would like to dwell on the problem of... | ... |
| Thus the core of this problem is... | , ... |
| In this light we must face the problem... | ... |
| The problem of... is in the focus of attention of... | ... |
| To bring further light on various aspects it is necessary to... | , , ... |
| I shall touch upon a question of... | ... |
3. ᒺ
| We shall deal with... | ... |
| We shall examine the (relations between...) | (... ...) |
| We shall undertake the examination (investigation) of... | ... |
| We shall explore... | ... |
| The object of this work is... | ᒺ ... |
| ... is the subject of the investigation | ... |
| The subject of the investigation is... | |
| The topic of my investigation (exploration, work) is... | |
| At the heart of the discussion is the issue of... | ... |
| ... is under discussion | ... () |
| Therefore, in studying... one must take into account... | , ... |
4.
| The (main) aim of the paper is... | () ... |
| The present paper aims at... | ... |
| To attain (achieve) our aim we must consider... | ... |
| It is the main aim of this paper to examine some of the main causes of... | ... |
| Our intention in writing this paper is | ()... |
| Our objective is the investigation of... | ... |
| In the framework of... the first objective to achieve is... | ... ... |
| Our objective is to explain... | ... |
| The (main) purpose of the paper is... | () ... |
| One of the purposes of the paper is... | ... |
| The purpose of my work is to examine and investigate... | |
| The purpose of my work is to examine and investigate and consequently to determine more precisely | , , , ... |
| It is our purpose on this occasion to analyse some of the basic issues... | |
| It is the purpose of these pages to direct attention to... | ֳ , ... |
| Our task consists in... | , ... |
| Our task is to show... | .... |
| Our task is to study... | ... |
| The main task is as follows... | ... |
| For carrying out this task it is necessary... | ... |
| The solution of the problem facilitates the fulfilment of the following task | ... |
| We are confronted with a complicated task | |
| One of the fist tasks was | |
| The primary task is to study... | |
| The task requires considerable rethinking and revision of the issue... | ... |
5. .
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| Our approach is to study... | ... |
| There are different approaches to the solution of the problem. | . |
| This approach is aimed at... | ... |
| The methods used in the research paper are as follows... | |
| A modern approach to this problem of... is based on (consists in...)... | ( ...) |
| Such an approach to... involves... | ... ... |
| Such an approach has made it possible to understand the reasons for... | ... |
| The methods of the research depend on | |
| The proposed methods allow us to solve the problem of | |
| A comparative method will help to distinguish a few common features... | ... |
| The proposed method is able to demonstrate... | ... |
| We may adopt the method to... | ... |
| The method is applicable to... | ... |
6.
| It is worth analysing precisely... | () ... |
| Complete (comparative, the detailed, profound, typological) analysis of... reveals that... | (, , , ) ... , ... |
| The analysis of... is based on... | ... ... |
| With regard to the analysis we can state... | , , ... |
| It requires a thorough analysis of | |
| We shall undertake a thorough analysis of... | ... |
| Before we proceed with our analysis of... it is essential to go over the problems on.... | , ... |
7.
| The problem of... is one of the most important. | ... . |
| It is one of the key problems of... | ... |
| The problem of... is very complicated. | ... . |
| The problem of... has not lost its topical significance. | ... ... |
| The problem became more acute, it took a new form. | . |
| This problem requires a detailed study. | . |
| The issue is not free from difficulties. | . |
| The key issue is... | ... |
| The issue of... has become acute. | ... . |
| The study of... is of primary importance. | ... . |
| The topic of my paper is significant in interpreting a very important problem of... | ... |
| The detailed (comprehensive, careful, profound) study of... is of great importance. | (, , ) ... . |
| Nevertheless, it is important to observe... | , |
| Comprehensive study of... is the key to solving our problem... | ... , ... |
| A complex approach to the study of... allowed me not only to precisely analyse the materials but to reach specific conclusions based on the analysis. | ... , . |
| It was subjected to thorough investigation. | . |
| It is the major theme of... | ... |
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II. ˲
| Much has been said and written about... | ... |
| Much (little) has been done on... | () ... |
| Much has been done in the field of... but undoubtedly much remains to be done in it. | ..., , . |
| Although a number of issues have been analysed and discussed much remains to be done in the field of... | , , ... |
| Particular attention is paid to... | ... |
| The problem has not received all the attention it deserves. | . |
| The problem of... has received little attention (compared to...) | ... ( ...) |
| It was this... which first attracted the notice of... | , ... |
| At present there is a growing interest in... | ... |
| This issue has long interested scholars. | . |
| The issue of still remains open. | . |
| We possess a vague and general idea of... | ... |
| Our knowledge of... is not yet comprehensive to... | ... , ... |
| The issue remains unclear. | . |
| We know little (much) about | () ... |
| Our knowledge of... is based on... | ... ... |
2. .
| There is a vast number of sources on... | ... |
| This issue has been widely discussed in the scientific literature. | . |
| The issue of... was repeatedly raised in research works. | ... . |
| In recent years a considerable amount of (valuable) work has been done in... | () ... |
| Recent works have a direct bearing on the matter under discussion. | , . |
| It is necessary to give a short review of... | ... |
| Almost all researchers emphasize that... | ... |
| Some authors define it as..., others view it as... | ..., ... |
| It has been overlooked by... | ... |
| Recent works of modern scholars show... | ... |
| It has been established by recent studies that... | , ... |
3. , , .
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| The basic idea is that... | , ... |
| The idea was formulated (put forward) by... | ()... |
| The concept found its embodiment in... | ... |
| The concept of... involved the view that... | ... ... |
| The concept of... was introduced by... | ... |
| This supports the concept of... | ... |
| This conception is current. | . |
| The conception is based on... | ... |
| According to this view... | ... |
| On the basis of the view it is possible to... | , ... |
| In this view the explanation of... points out that... | , ... , ... |
| The opposite view was taken by... | ... |
| From this point of view it must be regarded as... | , ... |
| This is in accordance with the outlook of... | ... |
| It is generally accepted (acknowledged, recognized, agreed, believed) that It is commonly (usually) assumed (known, held) that... | , |
| It is far from being accepted | |
| It has become traditional to assume that... | , ... |
| It is now believed that... | , ... |
| It has often been claimed at present... | , ... |
| As everybody knows... | ,... |
| It is known that... | ³, ... |
| It is known far and wide that... It is common knowledge that... It is a matter of common observation that... | , ... |
| It is a well-known fact that... | , ... |
| It is a well-established fact that... | , ... |
| It is usually regarded as... | ... |
| It is common place to say that... | ... |
| It has become customary to think that... | , ... |
. Ͳֲ ֲ в
1.
| The information which is available is scanty. | |
| The information was derived from... | ... |
| There is no direct information regarding... | ... |
| There is little information about... | ... |
| There is some evidence that... | ... |
| There is a considerable evidence that... | , ... |
| There is enough evidence to confirm... | , ... |
| There is good evidence that... | , ... |
| It is known from direct evidence that... | , ... |
| Evidence drawn from... confirms... | , , |
| The evidence of... is slight. | . |
| All the available data permit to say that... | , ... |
| As no data are available of... | ... |
| No data can yet be available on... | ... |
| New data exist concerning... | ... |
| We have sufficient data to establish... | ... |
2.
| We must arrange facts... | ... |
| The classification of... is as follows:... | :... |
| The classification proposed... is bound up with... | ... |
| Classification of the wide range of this material has provided... | ... |
| We cannot classify... as being... | |
| To describe and classify according to... it is necessary... | , |
IV. -ֲ
1.
| We may begin by... | ... |
| We shall begin by saying... | , ... |
| It is natural (usual) to begin with... | ... |
| We decided to begin with... | ... |
| Let us begin by looking at... Well begin by considering... | ... |
| We can best begin by... | ... |
| It is well to begin with a little clarification.... | ... |
| First I would like to consider... | , ... |
| The first point to be made is... | , ... |
| It may be useful first to consider... | , ... |
| From the very start it is necessary to point out... | ... |
| We shall now proceed to... | ... |
| It will be clear from what has been said above... | , ... |
| We shall see below... | ... |
| The next point to be made is... | , ... |
| It follows from what has been said above... | ... |
| From this it follows that... | , ... |
| In this connection a question is bound to arise | ... |
| In this connection the following observation can be made... | ... |
| We turn now to... | ... |
| This obviously leads to... | , , ... |
2.
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| As we shall see (later)... | |
| The next point concerns... | ... |
| We then consider some of the problems posed by... | , ... |
| Various aspects of this problem will be considered here... | ... |
| We shall turn our attention to... | ... |
| The next point concerns... | ... |
| In the pages that follow possible solutions are outlined. | . |
3. ,
| As we have already noted in connection with... | ... |
| As we have traced... | ... |
| As I have said... | ... |
| As we have seen... | ... |
| We have mentioned... | ... |
| As it has been mentioned earlier... | ... |
| As we have indicated... | |
| It has been suggested that... | ... |
| We noted earlier that... | , ... |
| It has been repeatedly pointed out... | ... |
| As we have described... | ... |
| As I have pointed out... | ... |
| As it was noted above... | ... |
| As it was described above... | ... |
